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Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality? pp 143–157Cite as

Satellite Navigation and Asia

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Abstract

Bartholomaeus Pitiscus (1561–1613) was a Polish theologian who first coined the term ‘trigonometry’ which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relationship between the angles and sides of triangles. This aspect of geometry is of wide-ranging utility to various fields of science and technology. Trigonometry has various applications for measurement of distances. The techniques based on trigonometry are used in astronomy and for navigational systems which use the triangulation method to identify the position of an object.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.insidegnss.com/node/1806, accessed on May 28, 2011.

  2. 2.

    http://waas.stanford.edu/research/loran.htm, accessed on Mar 28, 2011.

  3. 3.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_(navigation_system), accessed on Mar 28, 2011.

  4. 4.

    http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nav/transit.htmand http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Satellite_navigation_system_-_History_and_theory/id/1793498, accessed on Mar 23, 2011.

  5. 5.

    http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tsiklon.htm, accessed on Mar 28, 2011.

  6. 6.

    www.vectorsite.net/ttgps_2.html, accessed on Apr 15, 2011.

  7. 7.

    http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Satellite_navigation_system_-_History_and_theory/id/1793498, accessed on Feb 18, 2011.

  8. 8.

    Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by Soviet interceptors on September 1, 1983, killing 269 passengers. The aircraft was shot when it strayed into prohibited Soviet airspace around the time of a planned missile test. Subsequently, it was decided that the US military would make the GPS available for civilian use so as to avoid any further navigational in the future.

  9. 9.

    http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/Russia_To_Start_Operating_New_Glonass_K_Satellite_By_Year_End_999.html

  10. 10.

    http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/galileo/satellite-launches/index_en.htm, accessed on Sep 17, 2012.

  11. 11.

    http://www.spacenews.com/civil/100310-initial-galileo-validation-satellites-delayed.html

  12. 12.

    www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/limited/c1/AC105_C1_L287E.pdf

  13. 13.

    MTSAT is the Multifunctional Transport Satellite with a dual function of air traffic control (ATC) and navigation and meteorology. Various agencies like Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Japan Meteorological Agency have stakes in this.

  14. 14.

    http://dret.net/glossary/msas, accessed on Apr 15, 2011, various technical details are available at Atsushi Shimamura, ‘MSAS (MTSAT Satellite-based Augmentation System) Project Status’, Air and Space Europe, Vol. I, No: 2 1999, pp.63–67.

  15. 15.

    All the inputs on MSAS are based on http://www.insidegnss.com/node/107and http://www.eurocontrol.int/nexsat/gallery/content/public/Steering\%20Group/Meeting10/MTSAT\_2009.324NextSAT\_MTSAT\_Status\_ver.2.pdf, accessed on May 9, 2011.

  16. 16.

    http://www.bipm.org/cc/CCTF/Allowed/16/cctf04-11.pdf, accessed on Feb 10, 2012.

  17. 17.

    http://www.bipm.org/cc/CCTF/Allowed/16/cctf04-11.pdfSASand http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/qzss/index_e.html, accessed on May 10, 2011and http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/the-system-November-2007-4187, accessed on Feb 10, 2012.

  18. 18.

    Joint announcement on United States–Japan GPS Cooperation, Washington, DC, January 14, 2011, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/01/154688.htmand http://www.panorientnews.com/en/news.php?k=670

  19. 19.

    ‘Beidou-1 Experimental Satellite Navigation System’ Dec 14, 2010, http://sinodefence.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/beidou-1-experimental-satellite-navigation-system/, accessed on Jun 30, 2011.

  20. 20.

    http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/beidou.htm(Accessed June 12, 2007) and http://www.astronautix.com/craft/beidou.htm(Accessed April 22, 2008) and ibid and g Yuankai, ‘Your Place in the World’, Beijing Review, 2009, Issue 27, pp. 16–19.

  21. 21.

    http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2012-09/19/c_131859942.htm, accessed on Sep 19, 2012.

  22. 22.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou_navigation_system, accessed on Dec 24, 2011.

  23. 23.

    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648?print=true, accessed on Jan 12, 2012.

  24. 24.

    http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_satellite_navigation_sector_annual_output_predicted_to_reach_35_bln_USD_in_2015_999.html, accessed on Jan 25, 2012.

  25. 25.

    Even though Beidou-1 is recognised as a first-generation system like most other navigational systems, it is not a passive system. This constellation is a two-way system capable of sending messages to the control centre through satellites.

  26. 26.

    Three satellite-receiver ranges are needed for a position fix; a fourth satellite could increase the area of coverage and provide redundant measurements.

  27. 27.

    ‘EU Admits Military Use for Galileo’, http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/space-defense-technology/eu-admits-military-use-galileo-5409/, assessed on Jul 1, 2011.

  28. 28.

    http://defensetech.org/2006/08/03/compass-chinese-satnav-or-galileo-bluff/

  29. 29.

    ‘Will China disrupt Europe’s global navigation satellite system?’ http://gpssystems.net/china-disrupt-europes-global-navigation-satellite-system/,accessedon Jun 18, 2011.

  30. 30.

    http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/68197-indian-regional-navigational-satellite-system-irnss.html

  31. 31.

    www.derm.qld.gov.au/gnss/systems.html, accessed on Apr 24, 2011.

  32. 32.

    http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Success_of_GSAT_8_and_Future_of_India_Space_Progra mme_999.html, accessed on Jun 15, 2011.

  33. 33.

    http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2665, accessed on Apr 15, 2011.

  34. 34.

    ‘EC to restart negotiations with India on Galileo project: ESA chief’, Sep 25, 2007. http://news.oneindia.in/2007/09/25/ec-to-restart-negotiations-with-india-on-galileo-projectesa-chief-1190736192.html, accessed on Feb 18, 2011.

  35. 35.

    ‘Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) and Indian Agreement’ http://wordinfo.info/unit/3935?letter=G&spage=3, accessed on Jun 22, 2011.

  36. 36.

    The Hindu, Dec 22, 2010.

  37. 37.

    ‘Russia, India to cooperate in production of satellite navigation equipment’, http://www.gpsdaily.com/reports/Russia_India_to_cooperate_in_production_of_satellite_navigation_equipment_999.html, Dec 29, 2011, accessed on Dec 29, 2011.

  38. 38.

    http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/es/SAP/gnss/icg.html, accessed on Apr 05, 2011.

  39. 39.

    Report on the United Nations/United States of America International Meeting on the Use and Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, (Vienna, 13–17 December 2004), available at http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_846E.pdf, accessed on Jun10, 2011.

  40. 40.

    http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/es/SAP/gnss/icg.html, accessed on Mar 10, 2011.

  41. 41.

    http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/icg_book01E.pdf, accessed on Jun 19, 2011.

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  1. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, Rao Tula Ram Marg, New Delhi, India

    Ajey Lele

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Lele, A. (2013). Satellite Navigation and Asia. In: Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality?. Springer, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0733-7_11

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