Abstract
Blood is composed of blood cells suspended in plasma. The viscosity of blood varies with clinical conditions that influence blood cell aggregation and the hematocrit, and involves hemodynamic changes in vessels directly [1–3]. Generally, in arteries with diameters larger than 3 mm, the viscosity of blood is essentially constant when the shear rate exceeds 100 s−1 [4]. By contrast, in capillaries with diameters smaller than 400 μm, the decrease in the vessel diameter reduces the viscosity of blood by redistributing blood cells at the center of the vessel [5]. Therefore, we should consider non-Newtonian blood flow behavior according to the flow conditions in blood vessels. This section briefly describes the basics of fluid mechanics that might be useful for understanding cerebral hemodynamics.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Isogai Y, Yokose T, Maeda T et al (1984) The OP-Rheometer system, a new device for analysis of viscosity and viscoelasticity of blood: description and clinical application. Biorheology 1:s35–s41
De Backer TL, De Buyzere M, Segers P et al (2002) The role of whole blood viscosity in premature coronary artery disease in women. Atherosclerosis 165:367–373
von Tempelhoff G, Nieman F, Heilmann L et al (2000) Association between blood rheology, thrombosis and cancer survival in patients with gynecologic malignancy. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 22:107–130
Brooks DE, Goodwin JW, Seaman GVF (1970) Interactions among erythrocytes under shear. J Appl Physiol 28:172–177
Gupta BB, Seshadri V (1977) Flow of red blood-cell suspensions through narrow tubes. Biorheology 14:133–143
Fox RW, McDonald AT (1998) Introduction to fluid mechanics, 5th edn. Wiley, New York
Cho YI, Kensey KR (1991) Effects of the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood on flows in a diseased arterial vessel. 1. Steady flows. Biorheology 28:241–262
White FM (1991) Viscous fluid flow. McGraw-Hill, Singapore
Malek AM, Alper SL, Izumo S (2009) Hemodynamic shear stress and its role in atherosclerosis. JAMA 282:2035–2042
Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF (2005) McDonald's blood flow in arteries, 5th edn. Oxford University Press, New York
Lanne T, Stale H, Bengtsson H et al (1992) Noninvasive measurement of diameter changes in the distal abdominal aorta in man. Ultrasound Med Biol 18:451–457
Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Bull C (1994) Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:1468–1474
Smith AR, Hagen TM (2003) Vascular endothelial dysfunction in aging: loss of Akt-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and partial restoration by (R)-alpha-lipoic acid. Biochem Soc Trans 31:1447–1449
Gozna ER, Marble AE, Shaw A (1974) Age-related changes in the mechanics of the aorta and pulmonary artery of man. J Appl Physiol 36:407–411
McGrath BP, Liang YL, Teede H (1998) Age-related deterioration in arterial structure and function in postmenopausal women: impact of hormone replacement therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:1149–1156
Schram MT, Henry RM, van Dijk RA et al (2004) Increased central artery stiffness in impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Hypertension 43:176–181
Sonesson B, Hansen F, Stale H et al (1993) Compliance and diameter in the human abdominal-aorta - the influence of age and sex. Eur J Vasc Surg 7:690–697
Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I et al (2003) Is aortic dilatation an atherosclerosis-related process? J Am Coll Cardiol 42:1076–1083
Wilcken DEL, Guz A, Charlier AA et al (1964) Effects of alterations in aortic impedance on performance of ventricles. Circ Res 14:283–293
Finkelstein SM, Cohn JN, Collins VR et al (1985) Vascular hemodynamic impedance in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 55:423–427
Stergiopulos N, Meister JJ, Westerhof N (1995) Evaluation of methods for estimation of total arterial compliance. Am J Physiol 268:H1540–1548
Van Huis GA, Sipkema P, Westerhof N (1987) Coronary input impedance during cardiac cycle as determined by impulse response method. Am J Physiol 253:H317–324
Lee SW, Antiga L, Spence JD et al (2008) Geometry of the carotid bifurcation predicts its exposure to disturbed flow. Stroke 39:2341–2347
Zhao M, Amin-Hanjani S, Ruland S et al (2007) Regional cerebral blood flow using quantitative MR angiography. Am J Neuroradiol 28:1470–1473
Tsivgoulis G, Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA (2009) Advances in transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 9:46–54
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kim, J.C., Shim, E.B. (2010). Hemodynamics. In: Cho, BK., Tominaga, T. (eds) Moyamoya Disease Update. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99703-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99703-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-99702-3
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-99703-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)