Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Allergy Frontiers: Future Perspectives pp 239–252Cite as

An Environmental Systems Biology Approach to the Study of Asthma

  • Chapter

  • 635 Accesses

Part of the book series: Allergy Frontiers ((ALLERGY,volume 6))

Abstract

Recent advances in biology in the post genomic era have yielded an appreciation of systems approaches to understand mechanisms of human diseases that reductionist science has failed to elucidate. Systems biology is a new way to look at the multiple interacting factors in the onset and progression of environmentally caused human disease. Asthma is an important environmental disease. It is estimated that on a global basis approximately 300,000 million people have asthma. Asthma is the most prevalent childhood disease, and the leading cause of childhood hospitalizations. When humans are exposed to triggers of asthma, a network of cytokines, and interconnected biochemical pathways in the cell is activated. Those pathways interact as a system to trigger sympthomatic presentation of the disease. Interactions of the cytokines and biochemical pathways involved in inflammatory processes are discussed. Application of the methods of systems biology to environmental diseases to yield new information on the mechanism of disease and inform new strategies for public health intervention and prevention approaches are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gold, D. R., and Wright, R. Population Disparities in Asthma. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 26: 89–113, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Maddox, L., and Schwartz, D. A. The Pathophysiology of Asthma. Annu. Rev. Med., 53: 477–498, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bosse, Y., and Hudson, T. J. Toward a Comprehensive Set of Asthma Susceptibility Genes. Annu. Rev. Med., 58: 171–184, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Guerra, S., and Martinez, F. D. Asthma Genetics: From Linear to Multifactorial Approaches. Annu. Rev. Med., 59: 327–348, 2007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Al-Rubeai, M., and Fussinger, M. Systems Biology. Cell Engineering. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Springer, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kitano, H. Foundations of Systems Biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Klipp, E., Herwig, R., Kowald, A., Wierling, C., and Lehrach, H. Systems Biology in Practice. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Kriete, A., and Eils, R. Computational Systems Biology. Burlington, MA: Elsevier-Academic Press, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  9. Palsson, B. Ø. Systems Biology: Properties of Reconstructed Networks. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  10. ZSzallasi, Z., Stelling, J., and Periwal, V. System Modeling in Cellular Biology: From Concepts to Nuts and Bolts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Toscano, W. A., and Oehlke, K.-P. Systems Biology: New Approaches to Old Environmental Health Problems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2: 4–9, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Burke, W., Fesinmeyer, M., Reed, K., Hampson, L., and Caristen, C. Family History as a Predictor of Asthma Risk. Am. J. Prev. Med., 24: 160–169, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kuiper, S., Muris, J. W., Dompeling, E., Kester, A. D., Wesseling, G., Knottnerus, J. A., and van Schayck, C. P. Interactive Effect of Family History and Environmental Factors on Respiratory Tract-related Morbidity in Infancy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 120: 388–395, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Koeppen-Schomerus, G., Stevenson, J., and Plomin, R. Genes and Environment in Asthma: A Study of 4 Year Old Twins. Arch. Dis. Child., 85: 398–400, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Harris, J. R., Magnus, P., Samuelsen, S. O., and Tambs, K. No Evidence for Effects of Family Environment on Asthma. A Retrospective Study of Norwegian Twins. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 156: 43–49, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. van Beijsterveldt, C., and Boomsma, D. I. Genetics of Parentally Reported Asthma, Eczema and Rhinitis in 5-yr-Old Twins. Eur. Respir. J., 29: 516–521, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Martinez, F. D. Gene-environment Interactions in Asthma and Allergies: A New Paradigm to Understand Disease Causation. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am., 25: 709–721, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Smith, A. K., and Meyers, D. A. Family Studies and Positional Cloning of Genes for Asthma and Related Phenotypes. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am., 25: 641–654, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Xu, J., Meyers, D. A., Ober, C., Blumenthal, M. N., Mellen, B., Barnes, K. C., King, R. A., Lester, L. A., Howard, T. D., Solway, J., Langefeld, C. D., Beaty, T. H., Rich, S. S., Bleecker, E. R., Cox, N. J., and Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma. Genomewide Screen and Identification of Gene-gene Interactions for Asthma Susceptibility Loci in Three U. S. Populations: Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 68: 1437–1446, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Xu, J., Fang, Z., Wang, B., Chen, C., Guang, W., Jin, Y., Yang, J., Lewitzky, S., Aelony, A., Parker, A., Meyer, J., Weiss, S. T., and Xu, X. A. Genomewide Search for Quantitative-trait Loci Underlying Asthma. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 69: 1271–1277, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Alford, S. H., Zoratti, E., Peterson, E. L., Maliarik, M., Ownby, D. R., and Johnson, C. C. Parental History of Atopic Disease: Disease Pattern and Risk of Pediatric Atopy in Offspring. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 114: 1046–1050, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Barnes, P. J., and Woolcock, A. J. Difficult Asthma. Eur. Respir. J., 12: 1209–1218, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Temann, U. A., Laouar, Y., Eynon, E. E., Homer, R., and Flavell, R. A. IL9 Leads to Airway Inflammation by Inducing IL13 Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells. Int. Immunol., 19: 1–10, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Renauld, J. C. New Insights into the Role of Cytokines in Asthma. J. Clin. Pathol., 54: 577–589, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Strieter, R. M., Belperio, J. A., and Keane, M. P. Cytokines in Innate Host Defense in the Lung. J. Clin. Invest., 109: 699–705, 2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Marsh, D. G., Neely, J. D., Breazeale, D. R., Ghosh, B., Freidhoff, L. R., Ehrlich-Kautzky, E., Schou, C., Krishnaswamy, G., and Beaty, T. H. Linkage Analysis of IL4 and Other Chromosome 5q31.1 Markers and Total Serum Immunoglobulin E Concentrations. Science, 264: 1152–1156, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Postma, D. S., Bleecker, E. R., Amelung, P. J., Holroyd, K. J., Xu, J., Panhuysen, C. L., Meyers, D. A., and Levitt, R. C. Genetic Susceptibility to Asthma-Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness Coinherited with a Major Gene for Atopy. N. Engl. J. Med., 333: 894–900, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rosenwasser, L. J., and Borish, L. Genetics of Atopy and Asthma: The Rationale Behind Promoter-based Candidate Gene Studies (IL-4 and IL-10) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 156: S152–S155, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Janeway, C. A. J., and Medzhitov, R. Innate Immune Recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 20: 197–216, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Medzhitov, R., and Janeway, C. J. Innate Immunity. N. Engl. J. Med., 343: 338–344, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Akira, S., Takeda, K., and Kaisho, T. Toll-like Receptors: Critical Proteins Linking Innate and Acquired Immunity. Nat. Immunol., 2: 675–680, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Basu, S., and Fenton, M. J. Toll-like Receptors: Function and Roles in Lung Disease. Am. J. Physiol., 286: L887–L892, 2004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Peiser, L., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Gordon, S. Scavenger Receptors in Innate Immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14: 123–128, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mukhopadhyay, S., Hoidal, J. R., and Mukherjee, T. K. Role of TNF α in Pulmonary Pathophysiology. Respir. Res., 7: 125–133, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Takeda, K., Ninomiya-Tsuji, J., Yamamoto, M., Kawai, T., Matsumoto, K., Takeuchi, O., and Akira, S. Essential Function for the Kinase TAK1 in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Nat. Immunol., 6: 1087–1095, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Akira, S., and Takeda, K. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 4: 499–511, 2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kawai, T., and Akira, S. Innate Immune Recognition of Viral Infection. Nat. Immunol., 7: 131–137, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., and Flavell, R. A. Recognition of Double-stranded RNA and Activation of NF- κ B by Toll-Like Receptor 3. Nature, 413: 732–738, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Krug, A., French, A. R., Barchet, W., Fischer, J. A., Dzionek, A., Pingel, J. T., Orihuela, M. M., Akira, S., Yokoyama, W. M., and Colonna, M. TLR9-dependent Recognition of MCMV by IPC and DC Generates Coordinated Cytokine Responses That Activate Antiviral NK Cell Function Immunity 21: 107–119, 2004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen, Z. J. Ubiquitin Signaling in the NF-kappaB Pathway. Nat. Cell Biol., 7: 758–765, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Adachi, M., Matsukura, S., Tokunaga, H., and Kokubu, F. Expression of Cytokines on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Influenza Virus A. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 113: 307–311, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kurt-Jones, E. A., Popova, L., Kwinn, L., Haynes, L. M., Jones, L. P., Tripp, R. A., Walsh, E. E., Freeman, M. W., Golenbock, D. T., Anderson, L. J., and Finberg, R. W. Pattern Recognition Receptors TLR4 and CD14 Mediate Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Nat. Immunol., 1: 398–401, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Haeberle, H. A., Takizawa, R., Casola, A., Braiser, A. R., Dieterich, H. J., van Rooijen, N., Gatalica, Z., and Garofalo, R. P. Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Activation of Nuclear Factor- κ B in the Lung Involves Alveolar Macrophages and Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Pathways. J. Infect. Dis., 186: 1199–1206, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Becker, S., Fenton, M. J., and Soukup, J. M. Involvement of Microbial Components and Toll¬like Receptors 2 and 4 in Cytokine Responses to Air Pollution Particles. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 27: 611–618, 2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Min, J. W., Park, S. M., Rhim, T. Y., Park, S. W., Jang, A. S., Uh, S. T., Park, C. S., and Chung, I. Y. Effect and Mechanism of Lipopolysaccharide on Allergen-Induced Interleukin-5 and Eotaxins Production by Whole Blood Cultures of Atopic Asthmatics. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 147: 440–448, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Supajatura, V., Ushio, H., Nakao, A., Akira, S., Okumura, K., Ra, C., and Ogawa, H. Differential Responses of Mast Cell Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Allergy and Innate Immunity. J. Clin. Invest., 109: 1351–1359, 2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Ogawa, T., Takeda, Y., Takeda, K., and Akira, S. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient Mice are Hyperesponsive to Lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the LPS Gene Product. J. Immunol., 162: 3749–3752, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ozinsky, A., Underhill, D. M., Fontenot, J. D., Hajjar, A. M., Smith, K. D., Wilson, C. B., Schroeder, L., and Aderem, A. The Repertoire for Pattern Recognition of Pathogens by the Innate Immune System Is Defined by Cooperation Between Toll-Like Receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97: 13766–13771, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Takeuchi, O., Hoshino, K., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Takada, H., Ogawa, T., Takeda, K., and Akira, S. Differential Roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Components. Immunity, 11: 443–451, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Suzuki, N., Suzuki, S., Duncan, G. S., Millar, D. G., Wada, T., Mirtsos, C., Takada, H., Wakeham, A., Itie, A., Li, S., Penninger, J. M., Wesche, H., Ohashi, P. S., Mak, T. W., and Yeh, W. C. Severe Impairment of Interleukin-1 and Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Mice Lacking IRAK 4. Nature, 416: 750–756, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Baldwin, A. S. J. Series Introduction: The Transcription Factor NF- κ B and Human Disease. J. Clin. Invest., 107: 3–6, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Christman, J. W., Sadikot, R. T., and Blackwell, T. S. The Role of Nuclear Factor- kb in Pulmonary Disease. Chest, 117: 1482–1487, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kafoury, R. M., Hernandez, J. M., Lasky, J. A., Toscano, W. A. J., and Friedman, M. Activation of Transcription Factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6) and Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by Lipid Ozonation Products Is Crucial to Interleukin-8 Gene Expression in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Environ. Toxicol., 22: 159–168, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Graziano, F. M., Cook, E. B., and Stahl, J. L. Cytokines, Chemokines, RANTES, and Eotaxin. Allergy Asthma Proc., 20: 141–146, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hoebe, K., Du, X., George, P., Janssen, E., Tabeta, K., Kim, S. O., Goode, J., Lin, P., Mann, N., Mudd, S., Crozat, K., Sovath, S., Han, J., and Beutler, B. Identification of Lps2 as a Key Transducer of MyD88-Independent TIR Signaling. Nature, 424: 743–748, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yamamoto, M., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Hoshino, K., Kaisho, T., Sanjo, H., Takeuchi, O., Sugiyama, M., Okabe, M., Takeda, K., and Akira, S. Role of Adapter TRIF in MyD88-Independent Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway. Science 301: 640–643, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Oshiumi, H., Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Akazawa, T., and Seya, T. TICAM-1 and Adapter Molecule That Participates in Toll-Like Receptor 3-Mediated Interferon-Beta Induction. Nat. Immunol., 4: 161–167, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Broide, D. H., Lotz, M., Cuomo, A. J., Coburn, D. A., Federman, E. C., and Wasserman, S. I. Cytokines in Symptomatic Asthma Airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 89: 958–967, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chaplin, D. D. Cell Cooperation in Development of Eosinophil-predominant Inflammation in Airways. Immunol. Res., 26: 55–62, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pfeffer, K. Biological Functions of Tumor Necrosis Factor Cytokines and Their Receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 14: 185–191, 2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Laichalk, L. L., Kunkel, S. L., Strieter, R. M., Danforth, J. M., Bailie, M. B., and Standiford, T. J. Tumor Necrosis Factor Mediates Lung Antibacterial Host Defense in Murine Klebsiella Pneumonia. Infect. Immun., 64: 5211–5218, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Vignola, A. M., Chanez, P., Bonsignore, G., Godard, P., and Bousquet, J. Structural Consequences of Airway Inflammation in Asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 105: S514–S517, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ghaffar, O., Hamid, Q., Renzi, P. M., Allakhverdi, Z., Molet, S., Hogg, J. C., Shore, S. A., Luster, A. D., and Lamkhioued, B. Constitutive and Cytokine-Stimulated Expression of Eotaxin by Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 159: 1933–1942, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hahn, C., Islamian, A. P., Renz, H., and Nockher, W. A. Airway Epithelial Cells Produce Neurotrophins and Promote the Survival of Eosinophils During Allergic Airway Inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 117: 787–794, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Wong, C. K., Wang, C. B., Li, M. L., Ip, W. K., Tian, Y. P., and Lam, C. W. Induction of Adhesion Molecules Upon the Interaction Between Eosinophils and Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Involvement of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB. Int. Immunopharmacol., 6: 1859–1871, 2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Amrani, Y., Ammit, A. J., and Panettieri, R. A. J. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) 1 but Not TNFR2 Mediates Tumor Necrosis Factor- α -Induced Interleukin-6 and RANTES in Human Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of p38 and p42/44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. Mol. Pharmacol., 60: 646–655, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lora, J. M., Zhang, D. M., Liao, S. M., Burwell, T., King, A. M., Barker, P. A., Singh, L., Keaveney, M., Morgenstern, J., Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C., Coyle, A. J., and Frase, C. C. Tumor Necrosis Factor- α Triggers Mucus Production in Airway Epithelium Through I κB Kinase β -Dependent Mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 280: 36510–36517, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Escande, F., Aubert, J. P., Porchet, N., and Buisine, M. P. Human Mucin Gene MUC5AC: Organization of Its 5'-Region and Central Repetitive Region. Biochem. J., 358: 763–772, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tartaglia, L. A., Goeddel, D. V., Reynolds, C., Figari, I. S., Weber, R. F., Fendly, B. M., and Palladino, M. A. J. Stimulation of Human T-Cell Proliferation by Specific Activation of the 75-kDa Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor. J. Immunol., 151: 4637–4641, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kafoury, R. M., and Madden, M. C. Diesel Exhaust Particles Induce Over-expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α) Gene in Alveolar Macrophages and Failed to Induce Apoptosis Through Activation of Nuclear Factor- κB (NF-κ B). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2: 107–113, 2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Takeyama, K., Dabbagh, K., Lee, H. M., Agusti, C., Lausier, J. A., Ueki, I. F., Grattan, K. M., and Nadel, J. A. Epidermal Growth Factor System Regulates Mucin Production in Airways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96: 3081–3086, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Amishima, M., Munakata, M., Nasuhara, Y., Sato, A., Takahashi, T., Homma, Y., and Kawakami, Y. Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Asthmatic Human Airway. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 157: 1907–1912, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cohen, M. D., Ciocca, V., and Panettieri, R. A. J. TGF-Beta 1 Modulates Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Induced by Mitogens. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 16: 85–90, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bradding, P., Redington, A. E., and Holgate, S. T. Airway Wall Remodeling in the Pathogenesis of Asthma: Cytokine Expression in the Airways. In: A. G. Stewart (ed.), Airway Wall Remodeling in Asthma: Pharmacology & Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Aspects, pp. 29–63. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tilley, S. L., Coffman, T. M., and Koller, B. H. Mixed Messages: Modulation of Inflammation and Immune Responses by Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes. J. Clin. Invest., 108: 15–23, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kafoury, R. M., Pryor, W. A., Squadrito, G. L., Salgo, M. G., Zou, X., and Friedman, M. Induction of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Airway Epithelial Cells by Lipid Ozonation Products. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 160: 1934–1942, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kafoury, R. M., Pryor, W. A., Squadrito, G. L., Salgo, M. G., Zou, X., and Friedman, M. Lipid Ozonation Products Activate Phospholipases A2, C, and D. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 150: 338–349, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Pang, L., and Knox, A. J. Effect of Interleukin-1 Beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interferon-Gamma on the Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Cultured Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Br. J. Pharmacol., 121: 579–587, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Jongejan, R. C., de Jongste, J. C., Raatgeep, H. C., Stijnen, T., Bonta, I. L., and Kerrebijn, K. F. Effects of Inflammatory Mediators on the Responsiveness of Isolated Human Airways to Methacholine. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 142: 1129–1132, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bandeira-Melo, C., Hall, J. C., Penrose, J. F., and Weller, P. F. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes Induce IL-4 Release from Cord Blood-derived Human Eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 109: 975–979, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mellor, E. A., Austen, K. F., and Boyce, J. A. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Uridine Diphosphate Induce Cytokine Generation by Human Mast Cells Through an Interleukin-4-Regulated Pathway That Is Inhibited by Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists. J. Exp. Med., 195: 583–592, 2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Mayo Building, Suite 1260, MMC 807, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

    William A. Toscano & Kristen P. Oehlke

  2. Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, 55410, USA

    Kristen P. Oehlke

  3. Department of Biology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA

    Ramzi Kafoury

Authors
  1. William A. Toscano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristen P. Oehlke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ramzi Kafoury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to William A. Toscano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Ruby Pawankar

  2. University of Southampton Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK

    Stephen T. Holgate

  3. Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics UMKC School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA

    Lanny J. Rosenwasser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Toscano, W.A., Oehlke, K.P., Kafoury, R. (2010). An Environmental Systems Biology Approach to the Study of Asthma. In: Pawankar, R., Holgate, S.T., Rosenwasser, L.J. (eds) Allergy Frontiers: Future Perspectives. Allergy Frontiers, vol 6. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99365-0_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99365-0_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-99364-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-99365-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation