Abstract
The spatial distribution patterns of shrine/temple (S/T) forests, such as their area and degree of isolation, as well as the management patterns of the forests, which are based on the ideas of the priests, vary considerably within the urban area of Kitakyushu City, southern Japan. The vegetation structures of the forests were affected both by their spatial distribution and their management patterns. Certain S/T forests had relatively highly natural vegetation structures and could have important ecological functions for wildlife and ecosystem services in the urban area, while some S/T forests had habitat and/or sink functions for edge species, pioneer species, and invasive aliens. Thus, in making effective network plans for isolated green spaces in an urban landscape, it is important to evaluate the spatial distribution and the management patterns as well as the vegetation structures of the S/T forests.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Ishii, Dr. Imanishi, and Dr. Fujita for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by a Grant in Aid of Science Research (155700266 and 19300264) from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science and contributions to projects for the region from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Kyushu Institute of Technology.
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Appendix
Appendix
Tree species in the canopy layer on 43 plots
Species | Life forma | Number of plots | |
|---|---|---|---|
S/T forest | Secondary coppice | ||
Persea thunbergii | Eb | 16 | 1 |
Castanopsis cuspidata | Eb | 14 | 1 |
Rhus succedanea | Db | 12 | 1 |
Ilex rotunda | Eb | 7 | 1 |
Cinnamomum camphora | Eb | 7 | |
Neolitsea sericea | Eb | 7 | |
Cinnamomum japonicum | Eb | 7 | |
Quercus glauca | Eb | 5 | |
Chamaecyparis obtusa | G | 4 | |
Phyllostachys pubescens | B | 4 | |
Myrica rubra | Eb | 3 | 3 |
Quercus serrata | Db | 2 | 4 |
Symplocos lucida | Eb | 2 | 1 |
Ginkgo biloba | G | 2 | |
Cryptomeria japonica | G | 2 | |
Cleyera japonica | Eb | 1 | 1 |
Prunus jamasakura | Db | 1 | 1 |
Ternstroemia gymnanthera | Eb | 1 | 1 |
Daphniphyllum macropodum | Eb | 1 | 1 |
Firmiana simplex | Db | 1 | 1 |
Carpinus tschonoskii | Db | 1 | |
Acer palmatum | Db | 1 | |
Celtis sinensis var. japonica | Db | 1 | |
Myrsine seguinii | Eb | 1 | |
Pasania glabra | Eb | 1 | 1 |
Ligustrum japonicum | Eb | 1 | |
Symplocos myrtacea | Eb | 1 | |
Evodia meliaefolia | Db | 1 | |
Robinia pseudo-acacia | Db | 1 | |
Aphananthe aspera | Db | 1 | |
Ilex macropoda | Db | 1 | |
Quercus phillyraoides | Eb | 1 | |
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides | Db | 1 | |
Picram quassioides | Db | 1 | |
Rhamnus crenata | Db | 1 | |
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Manabe, T., Ito, K., Hashimoto, D., Isono, D., Umeno, T., Iijima, S. (2011). Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution, Vegetation Structure, and Management Systems of Shrine/Temple Forests as Urban Green Space: The Case of Kitakyushu City. In: Hong, SK., Kim, JE., Wu, J., Nakagoshi, N. (eds) Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures. Ecological Research Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-87799-8_16
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