Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Early Sensitization and Development of Allergic Airway Disease—Risk Factors and Predictors: Is the Adult Responder Phenotype Determined during Early Childhood?

  • Chapter
Allergy Frontiers: Epigenetics, Allergens and Risk Factors

Part of the book series: Allergy Frontiers ((ALLERGY,volume 1))

Allergic airway diseases, i.e., allergic asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis represent a heavy burden in childhood. In a recent prospective population-based study [1], the prevalence of current asthma and rhinitis was 14.4% and 15.1%, respectively, in 10-year-old unselected children, with a high degree of comorbidity as the prevalence of rhinitis was 42.5% in children with current asthma.

The allergens associated with allergic airway disease depend on the age, climatic, seasonal, and social factors, and housing conditions. In tempered and humid regions, allergy to house dust mites most often is associated with asthma followed by allergy to furred pets, whereas allergy to the fungus Alternaria spp. is important in arid climates in the USA and allergy to cockroach is important especially in urban communities in inner cities [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Fenn M, Twiselton R, Matthews S, Arshad SH (2002) The prevalence of asthma and wheezing illnesses amongst 10-year-old schoolchildren. Respir Med 96:163–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Høst A, Halken S (2000) The role of allergy in childhood asthma. Allergy 55:600–608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Laprise C, Lavertu C, Bedard PM, Lavoie A, Hebert J (1997) Comparative degree and type of sensitization to common indoor and outdoor allergens in subjects with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 27:52–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, Host A, Niggemann B, Aalberse R, Arshad SH, Von BA, Carlsen KH, Duschen K, Eigenmann P, Hill D, Jones C, Mellon M, Oldeus G, Oranje A, Pascual C, Prescott S, Sampson H, Svartengren M, Vandenplas Y, Wahn U, Warner JA, Warner JO, Wickman M, Zeiger RS (2004) Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part II. Evaluation of methods in allergy prevention studies and sensitiza-tion markers. Definitions and diagnostic criteria of allergic diseases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15:196–205.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Dreborg S, Haahtela T, Kowalski ML, Mygind N, Ring J, van Cauwenberge P, Hage-Hamsten M, Wuthrich B (2001) A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 56:813–824.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van CP, Williams HC (2004) Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:832–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kulig M, Bergmann R, Klettke U, Wahn V, Tacke U, Wahn U (1999) Natural course of sen-sitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 6 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 103:1173–1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wahn U, Bergmann R, Kulig M, Forster J, Bauer CP (1997) The natural course of sensitisa-tion and atopic disease in infancy and childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 8:16–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, Nickel R, Niggemann B, Sommerfeld C, Wahn U (2001) The pattern of atopic sensitization is associated with the development of asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:709–714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. von Mutius E, Illi S, Hirsch T, et al (1999) Frequency of infections and risk of asthma, atopy and airway hyperresponsiveness in children. Eur Respir J 14:4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Stein RT, Sherrill D, Morgan WJ, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Taussig LM, Wright AL, Martinez FD (1999) Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet 354:541–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Stein RT, Martinez FD (2004) Asthma phenotypes in childhood: lessons from an epidemio-logical approach. Paediatr Respir Rev 5:155–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bel EH (2004) Clinical phenotypes of asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 10:44–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Fenn MH, Waterhouse LM, Matthews SM, Holgate ST, Arshad SH (2003) Characterization of wheezing phenotypes in the first 10 years of life. Clin Exp Allergy 33:573–578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Waterhouse L, Arshad SH (2003) Factors influencing symptom expression in children with bronchial hyperresponsiveness at 10 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:311–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bergmann RL, Edenharter G, Bergmann KE, Guggemoos-Holzmann I, Forster J, Bauer CP, Wahn V, Zepp F, Wahn U (1997) Predictability of early atopy by cord blood-IgE and parental history. Clin Exper Allergy 27:752–760.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hansen LG, Halken S, Høst A, Møller K, Østerballe O (1993) Prediction of allergy from family history and cord blood IgE levels. A follow-up at the age of 5 years. Cord blood IgE I V. Allergy Immunol 4:34–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Klinnert MD, Nelson HS, Price MR, Adinoff AD, Leung DY, Mrazek DA (2001) Onset and persistence of childhood asthma: predictors from infancy. Pediatrics 108:E69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nilsson L (1998) Risk factors for atopic disease in childhood. Linköping University Medica Dissertation no. 556, Linköping University.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Arshad SH, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Fenn M, Matthews S (2005) Early life risk factors for current wheeze, asthma, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness at 10 years of age. Chest 127:502–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Arshad SH (2004) Does environment mediate earlier onset of the persistent childhood asthma phenotype?. Pediatrics 113:345–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. LeMasters GK, Wilson K, Levin L, Biagini J, Ryan P, Lockey JE, Stanforth S, Maier S, Yang J, Burkle J, Villareal M, Khurana Hershey GK, Bernstein DI (2006) High prevalence of aeroallergen sensitization among infants of atopic parents. J Pediatr 149:505–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wahn U, von Mutius E (2001) Childhood risk factors for atopy and the importance of early intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107:567–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tariq SM, Arshad SH, Matthews SM, Hakim EA (1999) Elevated cord serum IgE increases the risk of aeroallergen sensitization without increasing respiratory allergic symptoms in early childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 29:1042–1048.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Croner S (1992) Prediction and detection of allergy development: influence of genetic and environmental factors. J Pediatr 121:S58–S63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nickel R, Kulig M, Forster J, Bergmann R, Bauer C-P, Lau S, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Wahn U (1997) Sensitization to hen's egg at the age of twelve months is predictive for allergic sensitization to common indoor and outdoor allergens at the age of three years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:613–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sherrill D, Stein R, Kurzius-Spencer M, Martinez F (1999) On early sensitization to allergens and development of respiratory symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy 29:905–911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kuehr J, Frischer T, Meinert R, Barth R, Schraub S, Urbanek R, Karmaus W, Forster J (1995) Sensitization to mite allergens is a risk factor for early and late onset of asthma and for persistence of asthmatic signs in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 95:655–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kulig M, Bergmann R, Niggemann B, Burow G, Wahn U (1998) Prediction of sensitization to inhalant allergens in childhood: evaluating family history, atopic dermatitis and sensitiza-tion to food allergens. The MAS Study Group. Multicentre Allergy Study. Clin Exp Allergy 28:1397–1403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Laan MP, Baert MR, Bijl AM, Vredendaal AE, De Waard-van der Spek FB, Oranje AP, Savelkoul HF, Neijens HJ (2000) Markers for early sensitization and inflammation in relation to clinical manifestations of atopic disease up to 2 years of age in 133 high-risk children. Clin Exp Allergy 30:944–953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rhodes HL, Sporik R, Thomas P, Holgate ST, Cogswell JJ (2001) Early life risk factors for adult asthma: a birth cohort study of subjects at risk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:720–725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sasai K, Furukawa S, Muto T, Baba M, Yabuta K, Fukuwutari Y (1996) Early detection of specific IgE antibody against house dust mite in children at risk of allergic disease. J Pediatr 128:834–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lau S, Illi S, Platts-Mills TA, Riposo D, Nickel R, Gruber C, Niggemann B, Wahn U (2005) Longitudinal study on the relationship between cat allergen and endotoxin exposure, sensiti-zation, cat-specific IgG and development of asthma in childhood—report of the German Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS 90). Allergy 60:766–773.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wickman M, Lilja G, Soderstrom L, van Hage-Hamsten M, Ahlstedt S (2005) Quantitative analysis of IgE antibodies to food and inhalant allergens in 4-year-old children reflects their likelihood of allergic disease. Allergy 60:650–657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Simpson A, Soderstrom L, Ahlstedt S, Murray CS, Woodcock A, Custovic A (2005) IgE antibody quantification and the probability of wheeze in preschool children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:744–749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tepas EC, Litonjua AA, Celedon JC, Sredl D, Gold DR (2006) Sensitization to aeroallergens and airway hyperresponsiveness at 7 years of age. Chest 129:1500–1508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Høst A, Halken S (1990) A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3 years of life. Clinical course in realtion to clinical and immunological type of hyper-sensitivity reaction. Allergy 45:587–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bergmann RL, Edenharter G, Bergmann KE, Forster J, Bauer CP, Wahn V, Zepp F, Wahn U (1998) Atopic dermatitis in early infancy predicts allergic airway disease at 5 years. Clin Exp Allergy 28:965–970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Host A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskind AM, Plesner K (2002) Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13 (Suppl 15):23–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M (1995) Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 years old. Lancet 346:1065–1069.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Oddy WH, Peat JK, de Klerk NH (2002) Maternal asthma, infant feeding, and the risk of asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:65–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM, Martinez FD (2001) Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax 56:192–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tariq SM, Matthews SM, Hakim EA, et al (1998) The prevalence of and risk factors for atopy in early childhood: A whole population birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:587–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO, Herbison GP, Poulton R (2002) Long-term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study. Lancet 360:901–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Laubereau B, Brockow I, Zirngibl A, Koletzko S, Gruebl A, Von BA, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Berdel D, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE (2004) Effect of breast-feeding on the development of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life-results from the GINI-birth cohort study. J Pediatr 144:602–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kull I, Almqvist C, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Wickman M (2004) Breast-feeding reduces the risk of asthma during the first 4 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:755–760.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lowe AJ, Carlin JB, Bennett CM, Abramson MJ, Hosking CS, Hill DJ, Dharmage SC (2006) Atopic disease and breast-feeding-cause or consequence?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:682–687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Halken S (2004) Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15 (Suppl 16):4–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sears M, Holdaway MD, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Silva PA (1996) Parental and neonatal risk factors for atopy, airway hyperresponsiveness, and asthma. Arch Dis Child 75:392–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Apelberg JB, Yutaka A, Jaakkola JJK (2001) Systematic review: exposure to pets and risk of asthma and asthma-like symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107:455–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Roost HP, Künzli N, Schildler C, Jarvis S, Chinn S, Perruchoud AP, Ackerman-Liebrich U, Burney P, Wütrich B; for the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (1999) Role of current and childhood exposure to cat and atopic sensitisation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104:941–947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wahn U, Lau S, Bergman R, Kulig M, Forster J, Bergman K, Bauer C-P, Guggemoos-Holzmann I (1997) Indoor allergen exposure is a risk factor for sensitization during the first three years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:763–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Chen CM, Rzehak P, Zutavern A, Fahlbusch B, Bischof W, Herbarth O, Borte M, Lehmann I, Behrendt H, Kramer U, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J (2007) Longitudinal study on cat allergen exposure and the development of allergy in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119:1148–1155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Custovic A, Taggart SC, Francis HC, Chapman MD, Woodcock A (1996) Exposure to house dust mite allergens and the clinical activity of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 98:64–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lau S, Sabina L, Sommerfeld C, Niggemann B, Bergmann R, von Mutius E, Wahn U (2000) Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study. Lancet 356:1392–1397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sporik R, Holgate ST, Platts-Mills TAE, Cogswell JJ (1990) Exposure to house dust mite allergy (Der p 1) and the development of asthma in childhood. N Engl J Med 323:502–507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Anyo G, Brunekreef B, de Meer G, Aarts F, Janssen NA, van Vliet P (2002) Early, current and past pet ownership: associations with sensitization, bronchial responsiveness and allergic symptoms in school children. Clin Exp Allergy 32:361–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Chan-Yeung M, McClean PA, Sandell PR, Slutsky AS, Zamel N (1999) Sensitization to cat without direct exposure to cats. Clin Exp Allergy 29:762–765.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Nafstad P, Magnus P, Gaarder PI, Jaakkola JJ (2001) Exposure to pets and atopy-related diseases in the first 4 years of life. Allergy 56:307–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Remes ST, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Wright AL (2001) Dog exposure in infancy decreases the subsequent risk of frequent wheeze but not of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:509–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ownby DR, Johnson CC, Peterson EL (2002) Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. JAMA 288:963–972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Almqvist C, Egmar AC, van Hage-Hamsten M, Berglind N, Pershagen G, Nordvall SL, Svartengren M, Hedlin G, Wickman M (2003) Heredity, pet ownership, and confounding control in a population-based birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:800–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Hagerhed L, Janson S (2003) Pet-keeping in early childhood and airway, nose and skin symptoms later in life. Allergy 58:939–944.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Celedon JC, Litonjua AA, Ryan L, Platts-Mills T, Weiss ST, Gold DR (2002) Exposure to cat allergen, maternal history of asthma, and wheezing in first 5 years of life. Lancet 360:781–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hide DW, Matthews S, Tariq SM, Arshad SH (1996) Allergen avoidance in infancy and allergy at 4 years of age. Allergy 51:89–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Nishioka K, Yasueda H, Saito H (1998) Preventive effect of bedding encasement with micro-fine fibers on mite sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:28–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Chan-Yeung M, Manfreda J, Dimich-Ward H, Ferguson A, Warson W, Becker A (2000) A randomized controlled study on the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention program in the primary prevention of asthma in high-risk infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:657–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Custovic A, Simpson BM, Simpson A, Kissen P, Woodcock A (2001) Effect of environmental manipulation in pregnancy and early life on respiratory symptoms and atopy during first year of life: a randomised trial. Lancet 358:188–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Arshad SH, Bateman B, Sadeghnejad A, Gant C, Matthews SM (2007) Prevention of allergic disease during childhood by allergen avoidance: the Isle of Wight prevention study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119:307–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chan-Yeung M, Ferguson A, Watson W, mich-Ward H, Rousseau R, Lilley M, Dybuncio A, Becker A (2005) The Canadian Childhood Asthma Primary Prevention Study: outcomes at 7 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:49–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lindfors A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Rietz H, Wickman M, Nordvall L (1999) Influence of interaction of environmental risk factors and sensitization in young asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 194:755–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Harving H, Korsgaard J, Dahl R (1993) House-dust mites and associated environmental conditions in Danish homes. Allergy 48:106–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Jones AP (2000) Asthma and the home environment. J Asthma 37:103–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kulig M, Klettke U, Wahn V, Forster J, Bauer CP, Wahn U (2000) Development of seasonal allergic rhinitis during the first 7 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:832–839.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kihlstrom A, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Hedlin G (2002) Exposure to birch pollen in infancy and development of atopic disease in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:78–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kihlstrom A, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Hedlin G (2003) Exposure to high doses of birch pollen during pregnancy, and risk of sensitization and atopic disease in the child. Allergy 58:871–877.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Burr ML, Merrett TG, Dunstan FD, Maguire MJ (1997) The development of allergy in high-risk children. Clin Exp Allergy 27:1247–1253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Strachan DP, Cook DG (1998) Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies. Thorax 53:204–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Arshad SH (2006) Relationship between childhood atopy and wheeze: what mediates wheezing in atopic phenotypes?. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:84–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Waterhouse L, Matthews SM, Arshad SH (2005) Are influences during pregnancy associated with wheezing phenotypes during the first decade of life?. Acta Paediatr 94:553–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kulig M, Luck W, Lau S, Niggemann B, Bergmann R, Klettke U, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Wahn U (1999) Effect of pre- and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure on specific sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 3 years of life. Multicenter Allergy Study Group, Germany. Allergy 54:220–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Strachan DP, Cook DG (1998) Health effects of passive smoking.5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children. Thorax 53:117–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH (2001) Effects of maternal and early tobacco exposure on the development of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 1:139–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lee YL, Lee YC, Guo YL (2007) Associations of glutathione S-transferase P1, M1, and environmental tobacco smoke with wheezing illness in school children. Allergy 62:641–647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kabesch M, Hoefler C, Carr D, Leupold W, Weiland SK, Von ME (2004) Glutathione S trans-ferase deficiency and passive smoking increase childhood asthma. Thorax 59:569–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Halken S, Høst A (2000) The lessons of noninterventional and interventional prospective studies on the development of atopic disease during childhood. Allergy 55:793–802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Strachan DP (2000) Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis”. Thorax 55 (Suppl 1):S2–S10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Burr ML, Merrett TG, Dunstan FDJ, Magguire MJ (1997) The development of allergy in high-risk children. Clin Exper Allergy 27:1247–1253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Matricardi PM (2004) The role of early infections, hygiene and intestinal microflora. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl 26:211–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kalaboka S, nnesi-Maesano I (2007) The complex link between immunization against childhood diseases and allergy. Expert Rev Vaccines 6:635–643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mohrenschlager M, Haberl VM, Kramer U, Behrendt H, Ring J (2007) Early BCG and pertussis vaccination and atopic diseases in 5- to 7-year-old preschool children from Augsburg, Germany: results from the MIRIAM study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 18:5–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, Host A, Niggemann B, Aalberse R, Arshad SH, Berg AA, Carlsen KH, Duschen K, Eigenmann P, Hill D, Jones C, Mellon M, Oldeus G, Oranje A, Pascual C, Prescott S, Sampson H, Svartengren M, Vandenplas Y, Wahn U, Warner JA, Warner JO, Wickman M, Zeiger RS (2004) Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part III: Critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15:291–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lau S, Illi S, Sommerfeld C, Niggemann B, Volkel K, Madloch C, Gruber C, Nickel R, Forster J, Wahn U (2003) Transient early wheeze is not associated with impaired lung function in 7-yr-old children. Eur Respir J 21:834–841.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Morais-Almeida M, Gaspar A, Pires G, Prates S, Rosado-Pinto J (2007) Risk factors for asthma symptoms at school age: an 8-year prospective study. Allergy Asthma Proc 28:183–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kotaniemi-Syrjanen A, Reijonen TM, Romppanen J, Korhonen K, Savolainen K, Korppi M (2003) Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in wheezing infants: the risk for asthma in later childhood. Pediatrics 111:e255–e261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Morgan WJ, Stern DA, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Holberg CJ, Guilbert TW, Taussig LM, Wright AL, Martinez FD (2005) Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:1253–1258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Arshad SH (2005) Defining childhood atopic phenotypes to investigate the association of atopic sensitization with allergic disease. Allergy 60:1280–1286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Illi S, Vo n ME, Lau S, Niggemann B, Gruber C, Wahn U (2006) Perennial allergen sensitisa-tion early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet 368:763–770.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lowe LA, Woodcock A, Murray CS, Morris J, Simpson A, Custovic A (2004) Lung function at age 3 years: effect of pet ownership and exposure to indoor allergens. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:996–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wolfe R, Carlin JB, Oswald H, Olinsky A, Phelan PD, Robertson CF (2000) Association between allergy and asthma from childhood to middle adulthood in an Australian cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2177–2181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Wiecek EM, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO, Herbison GP, Silva PA, Poulton R (2003) A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 349:1414–1422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, et al (1995) Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. New Engl J Med 332:133–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rhodes HL, Thomas P, Sporik R, Holgate ST, Cogswell JJ (2002) A birth cohort study of subjects at risk of atopy: twenty-two-year follow-up of wheeze and atopic status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:176–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Toelle BG, Xuan W, Peat JK, Marks GB (2004) Childhood factors that predict asthma in young adulthood. Eur Respir J 23:66–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, DK-5000, Denmark

    Susanne Halken & Arne Høst

Authors
  1. Susanne Halken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arne Høst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Ruby Pawankar

  2. Childrens's Mercy Hospital & Clinic, 2401 Gillham RD, Kansas city, MO, USA

    Stephen T. Holgate

  3. Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK

    Lanny J. Rosenwasser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Halken, S., Høst, A. (2009). Early Sensitization and Development of Allergic Airway Disease—Risk Factors and Predictors: Is the Adult Responder Phenotype Determined during Early Childhood?. In: Pawankar, R., Holgate, S.T., Rosenwasser, L.J. (eds) Allergy Frontiers: Epigenetics, Allergens and Risk Factors. Allergy Frontiers, vol 1. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-72802-3_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-72802-3_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-72801-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-72802-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation