Abstract
Drug treatment of cerebral ischemia is still controversial after decades of research, and no treatment appears to be firmly established. This is probably not so surprising when even the mechanisms causing the damage are not firmly established. Many good working hypotheses have been considered during the years, however, and it is exciting that recently a scientifically based connection between many of them appears to have evolved. Disturbances in the calcium homeostasis appears to be present in most cases [1,2], and it was therefore natural to start looking at possible protection against ischemic damage with calcium entry blockers a decade ago. In this paper some of the mechanisms whereby calcium theoretically can be involved in ischemic/hypoxic pathophysiology will be briefly discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cheung JY, Bonventre JV, Malis CD, Leaf A (1986) Calcium and ischemic injury. New Engl J Med 314: 1670–1676
Siesjö BK (1981) Cell damage in the brain: A speculative synthesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1: 155–185
Greer IA (1987) Platelet function and calcium channel-blocking agents. J Clin Pharm Ther 12: 213–222
McCord JM (1985) Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 312: 159–163
Rothman SM, Olney JW (1986) Glutamate and the patophysiology of hypoxicischemic brain damage. Ann Neurol 19: 105–111
Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, Battye R, Boone SC, Chou SN et al. (1983) Cerebral arterial spasm: A controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med, 308: 619–624
Philippon J, Grot R, Dagreou F, Guggiari M, Rivierez M, Viars P (1986) Prevention of vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. A controlled study with nimodipine. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 82: 110–114
Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G, Weir BKA, Benoit BG, Gentili F et al. (1988) Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. J Neurosurg 68: 505–517
Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJA (1988) A controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 318: 203–207
Steen PA, Newberg LA, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1983) Nimodipine improves cerebral blood flow and neurologic recovery after complete cerebral ischemia in the dog. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3: 38–43.
Steen PA, Newberg LA, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1984) Cerebral blood flow and neurologic outcome when nimodipine is given after complete cerebral ischemia in the dog. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4: 82–87
Newberg LA, Steen PA, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1984) Failure of flunarizine to improve cerebral blood flow or neurologic recovery in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia. Stroke 15: 666–671
Stazabe T, Nagai I, Ischikawa T, Takeshita H, Masuda T, Matsumoto M, Tateishi A (1986) Nicardipine increases cerebral blood flow but does not improve neurologic recovery in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6: 684–690
Fleischer JE, Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1987) Effect of lidoflazine on cerebral blood flow and neurologic outccme when administered after complete cerebral ischemia in dogs. Anesthesiology, 66: 304–311
Vaagenes P, Cantadore R, Safar P, Mossy J, Rao G, Diven W, Alexander H, Stezoski W (1984) Amelioration of brain damage by lidoflazine after prolonged ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med 12: 846–855
Fleischer JE, Lanier WL, Milde JH, Michenfelder JD (1987) Lidoflazine does not improve neurologic outcome when administered after complete cerebral ischemia in primates. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7: 366–371
Steen PA, Gisvold SE, Milde JH,. Newberg LA, Scheithaner BW, Lanier WL, Michenfelder JD (1985) Nimodipine improves outcome when given after complete cerebral ischemia in primates. Anesthesiology 62: 406–414
Smith ML, Kâgström E, Rosen I, Siesjö BK (1983) Effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on the delayed hypoperfusion following incomplete ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3: 543–546
Forsman M, Aarseth HP, Nordby HK, Skulberg A, Steen PA (1989) Effect of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure after cardiac arrest: Correlation with neurologic outcome. Anesth Analg, 68: 436–443
Roine RO, Kaste M, Kinnunen A, Nikki P (1987) Safety and efficacy of nimodipine in resuscitation of patients outside hospital. Br Med J (Clin Res) 294: 20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Tokyo
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steen, P.A. (1991). The Role of Calcium Entry Blockers in Brain Ischemia. In: Takeshita, H., Siesjö, B.K., Miller, J.D. (eds) Advances in Brain Resuscitation. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68538-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68538-8_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-68540-1
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-68538-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive