Abstract
For the Japanese automobile industry, the year 1994 was very similar to the year the fleet of “black ships” came to Japan 140 years ago. 1994’s sudden flood of American vehicles in Japan caused shock waves much like those generated when the fleet of U.S. Navy ships (called “black ships” because they were painted black) commanded by Admiral Perry arrived at Uraga Bay near Yokohama in 1854. The admiral asked the Tokugawa shogunate government to suspend the national isolation policy and forced it to sign trade and port treaties with the result that Japan opened up its market to foreign trade.
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© 1998 Springer-Verlag Tokyo
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Kawahara, A. (1998). Epilogue. In: The Origin of Competitive Strength. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68419-0_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68419-0_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
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