Abstract
Morphological characters have been widely used to infer phylogenetic relationships of organisms. Difficulty of distinction between plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters because of homoplasy or excess morphological diversity has often necessitated subjective character evaluation by authors, which has resulted in controversies among differently inferred phylogenetic trees. Recent progress in molecular biology has made possible the use of information on genome organization and macromolecule sequences in systematics, which is useful to evaluate previously proposed phylogenetic studies based on morphological characters. Especially in distantly related taxa like gymnosperms in which character evaluation is puzzling, molecular phylogeny is expected to be a powerful tool for inference of phylogenetic relationships.
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Hasebe, M. (1997). Molecular Phylogeny of Ginkgo biloba: Close Relationship Between Ginkgo biloba and Cycads. In: Hori, T., Ridge, R.W., Tulecke, W., Del Tredici, P., Trémouillaux-Guiller, J., Tobe, H. (eds) Ginkgo Biloba A Global Treasure. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68416-9_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68416-9_14
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