Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alcoholic Liver Disease and Portal Hypertension

  • Chapter
Portal Hypertension

  • 454 Accesses

Abstract

Alcohol is acknowledged as the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world [1–5] and is becoming a more common cause of liver disease in Japan where hepatitis B virus infection frequently co-exists [6–8]. Patients with known alcoholic liver disease may subsequently develop portal hypertension, but in many instances patients present for the first time with features attributable to portal hypertension [5]. Portal hypertension is classically seen in association with cirrhosis and is attributed to obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow by regenerative nodules and the presence of arteriovenous anastomosis in the fibrous septa of cirrhotic livers [9]. However, portal hypertension may also occur with precirrhotic alcoholic liver disease [10–13]. Many comprehensive reviews of the pathology and pathogenesis of alcohol liver disease have been written in the last few years [1,14–22]; the emphasis in this chapter will be on the pathology of precirrhotic alcoholic liver disease associated with portal hypertension, the importance of a definite histopathological diagnosis, and the effect of abstinence on the outcome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Diehl AM (1989) Alcoholic liver disease. Med Clin North Am 73: 815–830

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Galambos JT (1985) Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease in the United States of America. In: Hall P (ed) Alcoholic liver disease. Edward Arnold, London, pp 230–249

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lelbach WK (1975) Cirrhosis in the alcoholic and its relation to the volume of alcohol abuse. Ann NY Acad Sci 252: 85–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lelbach WK (1985) The epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease in Continental Europe. In: Hall P (ed) Alcoholic liver disease. Edward Arnold, London, pp 130–166

    Google Scholar 

  5. Morgan MY (1985) Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease in the United Kingdom. In: Hall P (ed) Alcoholic liver disease. Edward Arnold, London, pp 193–229

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ohnishi K, Okuda K (1985) Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease in Japan. In: Hall P (ed) Alcoholic liver disease, Edward Arnold, London, pp 167-183

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ohnishi K, Okuda K (1986) Alcoholic liver disease in Japan. J Clin Gastroenterol 8: 503–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ohnishi K, Iida S, Iwama S, Goto N, Nomura F, Takashi M, Mishima A, Kono K, Kimura K, Musha H, Kotota K, Okuda K (1982) The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 49: 672–677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Popper H (1977) Pathological aspects of cirrhosis. Am J Pathol 87: 228–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Leevy CM (1962) Fatty liver: A study of 270 patients with biopsy proven fatty liver and a review of the literature. Medicine 41: 249–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Miller FJ, Maddrey WC, Sheff RN, Harrington DP, White RI (1975) Hepatic venography and haemodynamics in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Radiology 115: 313–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Orrego H, Blendis LM, Crossley IR, Medline A, MacDonald A, Ritchie S, Israel Y (1981) Correlation of intrahepatic pressure with collagen in the Disse space and hepatomegaly in humans and in the rat. Gastroenterology 80: 546–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Reynolds TB, Hidemura R, Michel H, Peters R (1969) Portal hypertension without cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease. Ann Intern Med 70: 497–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Desmet VJ (1985) Alcoholic liver disease. Histologic features and evaluation. Acta Med Scand (Suppl) 703: 111–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. French SW (1989) Biochemical basis for alcohol-induced liver injury. Clin Biochem 22: 41–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hall P (1985) Pathology and pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. In: Hall P (ed) Alcoholic liver disease. Edward Arnold, London, pp 41–68

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hall P de la M (1987) Alcoholic liver disease. In: MacSween RNM, Anthony PP, Scheuer PJ (eds) Pathology of the liver, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 281–309

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lieber CS (1988) Metabolic effects of ethanol and its interaction with other drugs, hepatotoxic agents, vitamins and carcinogens: A 1988 update. Semin Liver Dis 8: 47–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lieber CS (1988) Biochemical and molecular basis of alcohol-induced injury to liver and other tissues. N Engl J Med 319: 1639–1650

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. MacSween RNM, Burt AD (1986) Histologic spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 6: 221–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Maddrey WC (1988) Alcoholic hepatitis: Clinico-pathologic features and therapy. Semin Liver Dis 8: 91–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Orrego H, Israel Y, Blendis LM (1981) Alcoholic liver disease: Information in search of knowledge. Hepatology 1: 267–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Miyakawa H, Iida S, Leo MA, Greenstein RJ, Zimmon DS, Lieber CS (1985) Pathogenesis of precirrhotic portal hypertension in alcohol-fed baboons. Gastroenterology 88: 143–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Okanoue T, Sawa Y, Kanaoka H, Ohta Y, Kachi K, Kagawa K, Takino T (1988) Clinical and experimental studies of the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Hepatology 8(A677): 1388

    Google Scholar 

  25. Uchida T, Kao H, Quispe-Sjogren M, Peters RL (1983) Alcoholic foamy degeneration—A pattern of acute alcoholic injury of the liver. Gastroenterology 84: 683–692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Orrego H, Medline A, Blendis LM, Rankin JG, Kreadon DA (1979) Collagenisation of the Disse space in alcoholic liver disease. Gut 20: 673–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Worner TM, Lieber CS (1985) Perivenular fibrosis as precursor lesion of cirrhosis. JAMA 253: 627–630

    Google Scholar 

  28. Schaffner F, Popper H (1963) Capillarization of hepatic sinusoids in man. Gastroenterology 44: 239–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Oda M, Azuma T, Nishizaki Y, Kaneko K, Komatsu H, Tsukada N, Watnabe M, Nakamura M, Tsuchiya M (1989) Alterations of hepatic sinusoids in liver cirrhosis: Their involvement in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 (Suppl 1): 111–113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wisse E, Zanger RBD, Charles K, Van Der Smissen P, McCuskey RS (1985) The liver sieve: Considerations concerning the structure and function of endothelial fenestrae, the sinusoidal wall and the space of Disse. Hepatology 5: 683–692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Burt AD, MacSween RN (1986) Hepatic vein lesions in alcoholic liver disease: A retrospective biopsy and necropsy study. J Clin Pathol 39: 63–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Edmondson HA, Peters RL, Reynolds TB, Kuzuma OT (1963) Sclerosing hyaline necrosis of the liver in the chronic alcoholic. Ann Intern Med 59: 646–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Goodman ZD, Ishak KG (1982) Occlusive venous lesions in alcoholic liver disease. A study of 200 cases. Gastroenterology 83: 786–796

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nakano M, Lieber CS (1982) Ultrastructure of initial stages of perivenular fibrosis in alcohol-fed baboons. Am J Pathol 106: 145–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Nakano M, Worner TM, Lieber CS (1982) Perivenular fibrosis in alcoholic liver injury: Ultrastructure and histologic progression. Gastroenterology 83: 777–785

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Edmondson HA, Peters RL, Frankel HH, Borowsky S (1967) The early stage of liver injury in the alcoholic. Medicine 46: 119–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Van Waes L, Lieber CS (1977) Early perivenular sclerosis in alcoholic fatty liver: An index of progressive liver injury. Gastroenterology 73: 646–650

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Baraona E, Jauhonen P, Miyakawa H, Lieber CS (1983) Zonal redox changes as a cause of selective perivenular hepatotoxicity of alcohol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18: 449–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Jauhonen P, Baraona E, Miyakawa H, Lieber CS (1982) Mechanisms for selective perivenular hepatotoxicity of ethanol. Alcoholism. Clin Exp Res 6: 350–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bhathal PS (1972) Presence of modified fibroblasts in cirrhotic livers in man. Pathology 4: 139–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bhathal PS, Grossman HJ (1985) Reduction of the increased portal vascular resistance of the isolated perfused cirrhotic rat liver by vasodilators. J Hepatol 1: 325–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Irle C, Kocher O, Gabbiani G (1980) Contractibility of myofibroblasts during experimental liver cirrhosis. J Submicrosc Cytol 12: 209–217

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rudolph R, McClure WJ, Woodward M (1979) Contractile fibroblasts in chronic alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 76: 704–709

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bruguera M, Bertran A, Bombi JA, Rodes J (1977) Giant mitochondria in hepatocytes: A diagnostic hint for alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 73: 1383–1387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Uchida T, Kronberg I, Peters RL (1984) Giant mitochondria in alcoholic liver disease: Their identification, frequency and pathological significance. Liver 4: 29–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Beckett AG, Livingstone AV, Hill KR (1961) Acute alcoholic hepatitis. Br Med J 2: 1113–1119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Baptista A, Bianchi L, de Groote J, Desmet VJ, Gedigk P, Korb G, MacSween RNM, Popper H, Poulsen H, Scheuer PJ, Schmid M, Thaler H, Wepler W (1981) Alcoholic liver disease: Morphological manifestations. Review by an International Group. Lancet I: 707–711

    Google Scholar 

  48. Baraona E, Leo MA, Borowsky SA, Lieber CS (1977) Pathogenesis of alcohol-induced accumulation of protein in the liver. J Clin Invest 60: 546–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Berman WJ, Gil J, Jennett RB, Tuma D, Sorrell MF, Rubin E (1983) Ethanol, hepatocellular organelles, and microtubules. A morphometric study in vivo and in vitro. Lab Invest 48: 760–767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Matsuda Y, Takada A, Kanayama R, Takase S (1983) Changes in hepatic microtubules and secretory proteins in human alcoholic liver disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18 (Suppl 1): 479–482

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Blendis LM, Orrego H, Crossley IR, Blake JE, Medline A, Israel Y (1982) The role of hepatocyte enlargement in hepatic pressure in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2: 539–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Israel Y, Orrego H, Coleman JC, Britton RS (1982) Alcohol-induced hepatomegaly: Pathogenesis and the role in the production of portal hypertension. Fed Proc 41: 2472–2477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Vidins EI, Britton RS, Medline A, Blendis LM, Israel Y, Orrego H (1985) Sinusoidal calibre in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease: Diagnostic and pathogenic implications. Hepatology 5: 408–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Galambos JT (1972) Natural history of alcoholic hepatitis. III. Histological changes. Gastroenterology 63: 1026–1035

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Nasrallah SM, Nassar VH, Galambos JT (1980) Importance of terminal hepatic venule thickening. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104: 84–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sorensen TIA, Orholm M, Bentsen KD, Hoybye G, Eghoje K, Christoffersen P (1984) Prospective evaluation of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver injury in men as predictors of development of cirrhosis. Lancet II: 241–244

    Google Scholar 

  57. Karasawa T, Kushida T, Shikata T, Kaneda H (1980) Morphologic spectrum of liver disease among chronic alcoholics. A comparison between Tokyo, Japan and Cincinnati, USA Acta Pathol Jpn 30: 505–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sugimoto M, Hatori T, Ito T, Furube M, Abei T (1985) Characteristic features of liver disease in Japanese alcoholics. Am J Gastroenterol 80: 993–997

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Takada A, Nei J, Matsuda Y, Kanayama R (1982) Clinicopathological study of alcoholic fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol 77: 660–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rojkind M (1985) Collagen metabolism in the liver. In: Hall P (ed) Alcoholic liver disease. Edward Arnold, London, pp 90–112

    Google Scholar 

  61. Aterman K (1986) The parasinusoidal cells of the liver: A historical account. Histochem J 18: 279–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bioulac-Sage P, Lafon ME, Le Bail B, Balabaud C (1988) Perisinusoidal and pit cells in liver sinusoids. In: Bioulac-Sage P, Balabaud C (eds) Sinusoids in human liver: Health and disease. Kupffer Cell Foundation. Rijswijk, The Netherlands, pp 39–62

    Google Scholar 

  63. Brouwer A, Wisse E, Knook DL (1988) Sinusoidal endothelial cells and perisinusoidal fat-storing cells. In: Arias IM, Jakoby WB, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver: Biology and pathobiology, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 665–682

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wake K (1980) Stellate cells (fat storing cells, interstital cells, lipocytes), their related structure in and around liver sinusoids, and vitamin A— storing cells in extrahepatic organs. Int Rev Cytol 66: 303–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kupffer C von (1876) Über Sternzellen der Leber. Briefliche Mitheilung an Prof. Waldeyer. Arch Mikr Anat 12: 353–358

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ito T, Nemoto J (1952) Über die Kupfferschen Sternzellen und die “Fettspeicherungszellen” (fat-storing cells) in der Blutkapillarenwand der menschlichen Leber. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 24: 243–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ito T, Shibaski S (1968) Electron microscopic study on the hepatic sinusoidal wall and the fat-storing cells in the normal human liver. Arch Histol Jpn 29: 137–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kent G, Gay S, Inouye T, Bahu R, Minick OT, Popper H (1976) Vitamin A-containing lipocytes and formation of type III collagen in liver injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 7.3: 3719–3722

    Google Scholar 

  69. Bronfenmajer S, Schaffner F, Popper H (1966) Fat storing cells (lipocytes) in human liver. Arch Pathol 82: 447–453

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Clement B, Grimaud J-A, Campion J-P, Deugnier Y, Guillouzo A (1986) Cell types involved in collagen and fibronectin production in normal and fibrotic human liver. Hepatology 6: 225–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hall P, Smith RD, Gormley BM (1982) “Routine” stains on osmicated resin embedded hepatic tissue. Pathology 4: 73–74

    Google Scholar 

  72. Phillips MJ, Poucell S, Patterson J, Valencia P (eds) (1987) The liver: An atlas and text of ultrastructural pathology. Raven, New York, pp 393–446

    Google Scholar 

  73. Phillips MJ, Edwards VD, Cameron RG, Blendis LM (1989) Electronmicroscopy of the liver in portal hypertension. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 (Suppl 1): 48–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sztark F, Dubroca J, Latry P, Quinton A, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P (1986) Perisinusoidal cells in patients with normal histology: A morphometric study. J Hepatol 2: 358–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tanuma Y, Ito T, Shibasaki S (1982) Further electron-microscope studies on the human hepatic sinusoidal wall with special reference to the fat-storing cell. Arch Histol Jpn 45: 263–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yokoi Y, Namihisa T, Kuroda H, Komatsu I, Miyuzaki A, Watanabe S, Usui K (1984) Immunohistochemical detection of desmin in fat-storing cells (Ito cells). Hepatology 4: 709–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. De Leeuw AM, McCarthy SP, Geerts A, Knook DL (1984) Purified rat liver fat-storing cells in culture divided and contain collagen. Hepatology 4: 392–403

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. McGee JO’D, Patrick RS (1972) The role of perisinusoidal cells in hepatic fibrogenesis. An electron microscopic study of acute carbon tetrachloride liver injury. Lab Invest 26: 429–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Horn T, Junge J, Christoffersen P (1986) Early alcoholic liver injury. Activation of lipocytes in acinar zone 3 and correlation to degree of collagen formation in the Disse space. J Hepatology 3: 333–340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mak KM, Lieber CS (1988) Lipocytes and transitional cells in alcoholic liver disease. A morphometric study. Hepatology 8: 1027–1033

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mak KM, Leo MA, Lieber CS (1984) Alcoholic liver injury in baboons. Transformation of lipocytes to transitional cells. Gastroenterology 87: 188–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Minato Y, Hasumura Y, Takeuchi J (1983) The role of fat-storing cells in Disse space fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 3: 559–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Okanoue T, Burbrige EJ, French SW (1983) The role of the Ito cell in perivenular and intralobular fibrosis in alcoholic hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107: 459–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Maher JJ, Bissell DM, Friedman SL, Roll FJ (1988) Collagen measured in primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes derived from lipocytes within the monolayer. J Clin Invest 82: 450–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Burt AD, Griffiths M, MacSween RNM, Schuppan D, Voss B (1988) Identification of extracellular matrix proteins in human liver biopsies using an immunogold technique. Hepatology 8, A334: 1302

    Google Scholar 

  86. Hahn E, Wick G, Pencev D, Timpl R (1980) Distribution of basement membrane proteins in normal and fibrotic human liver: Collagen type IV, laminin and fibronectin. Gut 21: 63–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Berane KJK, Masseyef R (1986) Commentary: Hyperplastic capillaries and their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Histopathology 10: 543–551

    Google Scholar 

  88. Swerdlow MA, Chowdhury LN (1984) IgA deposition in liver in alcoholic liver disease. An index of progressive injury. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 416–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Van De Wiel A, Delacroix DL, Van Hattum J (1987) Characteristics of serum IgA and liver IgA deposits in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 7: 95–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Taguchi K, Asano G (1988) Neovascularization of pericellular fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease. Acta Pathol Jpn 38: 615–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Horn T, Lyon H, Christoffersen P (1986) The “blood-hepatocyte barrier”. A light microscopical transmission and scanning electron microscopic study. Liver 6: 233–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Jones EA, Summerfield JA (1985) Functional aspects of hepatic sinusoidal cells. Semin Liver Dis 5: 157–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mak KM, Lieber CS (1984) Alterations in endothelial fenestrations in liver sinusoids of baboons fed alcohol: A scanning electron microscopic study. Hepatology 4: 389–391

    Google Scholar 

  94. Horn T, Christoffersen P, Henriksen JH (1987) Alcoholic liver injury: Defenestration in non-cirrhotic livers. A scanning electron microscopic study. Hepatology 7: 77–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Sztark F, Latry P, Quinton A, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P (1986) The sinusoidal barrier in alcoholic patients without fibrosis. A morphometric study. Virchows Arch [A] 409: 385–393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rappaport A, MacPhee PJ, Fisher MM, Phillips MJ (1983) The scanning of the liver acini (cirrhosis): Tridemensional and microcirculatory considerations. Virchows Arch [A] 402: 107–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Huet P-M, Villeneuve J-P, Pomier-Layrargues G, Marleau D (1985) Hepatic circulation in cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol 14: 155–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Huet P-M, Pomier-Layrargues G, Villeneuve J-P, Varin F, Viallet A (1986) Intrahepatic circulation in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 6: 277–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Petrovic LM, Burroughs A, Scheuer PJ (1989) Hepatic sinusoidal endothelium: Ulex lectin binding. Histopathology 14: 233–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lamouliatte H, Dubroca J, Quinton A, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P (1985) Sinusoids in human cirrhotic nodules: Better identification with the perfusion fixation technique. J Submicrosc Cytol 17: 279–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Miyazawa Y, Fukuda Y, Imoto M, Koyama Y, Nagura H (1988) Immunohistochemical studies on the distribution of nerve fibers in chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 83: 1108–1114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Anthony PP, Ishak KG, Nayak NC, Poulsen HE, Scheuer PJ, Sobin LH (1978) The morphology of cirrhosis. J Clin Pathol 31: 395–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Leevy CM (1968) Cirrhosis in alcoholics. Med Clin North Am 52: 1445–1455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Fauerholdt L, Schlichting P, Christensen E, Poulsen H, Tygstrup N, Juhl E and The Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases (1983) Conversion of micronodular cirrhosis into macronodular cirrhosis. Hepatology 3: 928–931

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Popper H, Rubin E, Krus S (1960) Post-necrotic cirrhosis in alcoholics. Gastroenterology 39: 669–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Rubin E, Krus S, Popper H (1962) Pathogenesis of postnecrotic cirrhosis in alcoholics. Arch Pathol Lab Med 73: 288–299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Duguay L, Coutu D, Hetu C, Joly J-G (1982) Inhibition of liver regeneration by chronic alcohol administration. Gut 23: 8–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Edmondson HA (1976) Benign epithelial tumors and tumorlike lesions of the liver. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Hepatocellular carcinoma. John Wiley, New York, pp 309–330

    Google Scholar 

  109. Peters RL (1976) Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Hepatocellular carcinoma. John Wiley, New York, pp 107–168

    Google Scholar 

  110. Nagasue N, Akamizu H, Yukaya H, Yuuki I (1984) Hepatocellular pseudotumour in the cirrhotic liver. Cancer 54: 2487–2494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gluud C, Christofferson P, Eriksen J, Wantzin P, Knudsen BB, and The Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Disease (1987) Influence of ethanol on development of hyperplastic nodules in alcoholic men with micronodular cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 93: 256–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lieber CS, Garro A, Leo MA, Mak KI, Worner T (1986) Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology 6: 1005–1019

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Lee FI (1966) Cirrhosis and hepatoma in alcoholics. Gut 7: 77–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Arakawa M, Kage M, Sugihara S, Nakashima T, Suenaga M, Okuda K (1986) Emergence of malignant lesions within an adenomatous hyperplastic nodule in a cirrhotic liver. Gastroenterology 91: 198–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Furuya K, Nakamura M, Yamamoto Y, Togei K, Otsuka H (1988) Macroregenerative nodule of the liver. A clinicopathologic study of 345 autopsy cases of chronic liver disease. Cancer 61: 99–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Wada K, Kondo F, Kondo Y (1988) Large regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic livers: A histopathologic study. Hepatology 6: 1684–1688

    Google Scholar 

  117. Brechot C, Nalpas B, Courouce A-M, Duhamel G, Callard P, Carnot F, Tiollais P, Berthelot P (1982) Evidence that hepatitis B virus has a role in liver-cell carcinoma in alcoholic liver disease. N Engl J Med 306: 1384–1387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Fong T-L, Govindarijan S, Valinluck B, Redeker AG (1988) Status of hepatitis B virus DNA in alcoholic liver disease: A study of a large urban population in the United States. Hepatology 8: 1602–1604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Powell LW (1986) Value of hepatic iron measurements in early haemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. Hepatology 6: 24–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Olynyk J, Hall P, Sallie R, Reed W, Shilkin K, MacKinnon M (1990) Computerised measurement of iron in liver biopsies: A comparison with biochemical measurement. Hepatology 12: 26–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Hislop WS, Follett EAC, Bouchier IAD, MacSween RNM (1981) Serological markers of hepatitis B in patients with alcoholic liver disease: A multi-centre survey. J Clin Pathol 34: 1017–1019

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mills PR, Pennington TH, Kay P, MacSween RNM, Watkinson G (1979) Hepatitis Bs antibody in alcoholic cirrhosis. J Clin Pathol 32: 778–782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mills PR, Follett AEC, Urquhart GED, Watkinson G, MacSween RNM (1981) Evidence for previous hepatitis B virus infection in alcoholic cirrhosis. Br Med J 282: 437–438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Villa E, Rubbiani L, Barchi T, Ferretti I, Grisendi A, De Palma M, Bellentani S, Manenti F (1982) Susceptibility of chronic symptomless HbsAg carriers to ethanol-induced hepatic damage. Lancet II: 1243–1244

    Google Scholar 

  125. Goldberg SJ, Mendenhall CL, Connell AM, Chedid A (1977) “Non-alcoholic” chronic hepatitis in the alcoholic. Gastroenterology 72: 598–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Levin DM, Baker AL, Riddell RH, Rochman H, Boyer JL (1979) Non-alcoholic liver disease. Overlooked causes of liver injury in patients with heavy alcohol consumption. Am J Med 66: 429–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Hall de la M, Plummer JL, Ilsley AH, Cousins MJ (1991) Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis after chronic administration of “low-dose” carbon tetrachloride vapour in a rat. Hepatology. In press 1991

    Google Scholar 

  128. Afroudakis A, Kaplowitz N (1981) Liver histopathology in chronic common bile duct stenosis due to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Hepatology 1: 65–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Annoni G, Colombo M, Cantaluppi MC, Khlat B, Lampertico P, Rojkind M (1989) Serum type III procollagen petide and laminin (Lam-P1) detect alcoholic hepatitis in chronic alcohol abusers. Hepatology 9: 693–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Gressner AM, Tittor W, Kropf J (1988) The predictive value of serum laminin for portal hypertension in chronic liver disease. Hepatogastroenterology 35: 95–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Krogsgaard K, Gluud C, Henriksen JH, Christoffersen P (1984) Correlation between liver morphology and portal pressure in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 4: 699–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Poynard T, Degott C, Munoz C, Lebrec D (1987) Relationship between degree of portal hypertension and liver histologic lesions in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 32: 337–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Orrego H, Blake JE, Blendis LM, Medline A (1987) Prognosis of alcoholic cirrhosis in the presence and absence of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 92: 208–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Borowsky SA, Strome S, Lott E (1981) Continued heavy drinking and survival in alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 80: 1405–1409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Pande NV, Resnick RH, Yee W, Eckardt VF, Shurberg JL (1978) Cirrhotic portal hypertension: Morbidity of continued alcoholism. Gastroenterology 74: 64–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Pares A, Caballeria J, Bruguera M, Torres M, Rodes J (1986) Histological course of alcoholic hepatitis. Influence of abstinence, sex and extent of hepatic damage. J Hepatol 2: 33–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Morgan MY, Sherlock S (1977) Sex-related differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease. Br Med J 1: 939–941

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Tuyns AJ, Pequignot G (1984) Greater risk of ascitic cirrhosis in females in relation to alcohol consumption. Int J Epidemiol 13: 53–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia

    Pauline de la M. Hall

Authors
  1. Pauline de la M. Hall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana 1-8-1, Chiba, 280, Japan

    Kunio Okuda M.D., Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

  2. Department of Hepatology, Hopital Beaujon, 92118, Clichy, France

    Jean-Pierre Benhamou M.D. (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de la M. Hall, P. (1991). Alcoholic Liver Disease and Portal Hypertension. In: Okuda, K., Benhamou, JP. (eds) Portal Hypertension. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68361-2_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68361-2_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-68363-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-68361-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation