Abstract
Three-dimensional voxel-based objects are inherently discrete and do not maintain any notion of a continuous surface or normal values, which are crucial for the simulation of light behavior. Thus in volume rendering, the normal vector of the displayed surfaces must be estimated prior to rendering. Unlike existing normal estimation methods, the context sensitive approach proposed here considers object and slope discontinuities. It employs segmentation and segment-bounded operators in order to achieve high fidelity normal estimation for rendering volumetric objects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bergman, L., Fuchs, H., Grant, E., and Spach, S., “Image Rendering by Adaptive Refinement”, Computer Graphics, 20, 4, 29–37, (August 1986).
Bright, S. and Laflin, S., “Shading of Solid Voxel Models”, Computer Graphics Forum, 5, 2, 131–138, (June 1986).
Bryant, J. and Krumvieda, C., “Display of Discrete 3D Binary Objects: I-Shading”, Computers & Graphics, 13, 4, 441–444, (1989).
Chen, L., Herman, G. T., Reynolds, R. A., and Udupa, J. K., “Surface Shading in the Cuberille Environment”, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 5, 12, 33–43, (December 1985).
Cohen, D. and Kaufman, A., “Scan-Conversion Algorithms for Linear and Quadratic Objects”, in Volume Visualization, A. Kaufman, (ed.), IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA,, 280–301, 1990.
Cohen, D., Kaufman, A., Bakalash, R., and Bergman, S., “Real-Time Discrete Shading”, The Visual Computer, 6, 1, 16–27, (February 1990).
Goldwasser, S. M., “Rapid Techniques for the Display and Manipulation of 3-D Biomedical Data”, Proceedings NCGA’86 Conference, II, 115–149, (May 1986).
Goldwasser, S. M., Reynolds, R. A., Talton, D. A., and Walsh, E. S., “High Performance Graphics Processors for Medical Imaging Applications”, in Parallel Processing for Computer Vision and Display, P. M. Dew, R. A. Earnshaw, and T. R. Heywood, (eds.), Addison Wesley, Reading, MA,, 461–470, 1989.
Gordon, D. and Reynolds, R. A., “Image Space Shading of 3-Dimensional Objects”, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 29, 3, 361–376, (March 1985).
Grimson, W. E. L. and Pavlidis, T., “Discontinuity Detection for Visual Surface Reconstruction”, Computer Visionf Graphics, and Image Processing, 30, 316–330, (1985).
Hoehne, K. H. and Bernstein, R., “Shading 3D-Images from CT Using Gray-Level Gradients”, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, MI-5, 1, 45–47, (March 1986).
Hoehne, K. H., Bomans, M., Pommert, A., Riemer, M., Schiers, C., Tiede, U., and Wiebecke, G., “3D-Visualization of Tomographic Volume Data Using the Generalized Voxel Model”, The Visual Computer, 6, 1, 28–37, (February 1990).
Horn, B. K. P., “Hill Shading and the Reflection Map”, Geo-Processing, 2, 65–146, (1982).
Kaufman, A. and Shimony, E., “3D Scan-Conversion Algorithms for Voxel-Based Graphics”, Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop on Interactive SD Graphics, Chapel Hill, NC, 45–75, October 1986.
Kaufman, A., “Efficient Algorithms for 3D Scan-Conversion of Parametric Curves, Surfaces, and Volumes”, Computer Graphics, 21, 4, 171–179, (July 1987).
Kaufman, A., “Efficient Algorithms for 3D Scan-Converting Polygons”, Computers & Graphics, 12, 2, 213–219, (1988).
Magnusson, M., Lenz, R., and Danielsson, P. E., “Evaluation of Methods for Shaded Display of CT Volumes”, Proceedings 9th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, II, 1287–1294, (November 1988).
Pommert, A., Tiede, U., Wiebecke, G., and Hoehne, K. H., “Surface Shading in Tomographic Volume Visualization: A Comparative Study”, Proceedings of the First Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing, Atlanta, GA, 19–26, May 1990.
Potmesil, M. and Chakravarty, I., “Synthetic Image Generation with a Lens and Aperture Camera Model”, ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1, 85–108, (1982).
Saito, T. and Takahashi, T., “Comprehensive Rendering of 3D Shapes”, Compuer Graphics, 24, 4, 197–206, (August 1990).
Schlusselberg, D. S., Smith, K., and Woodward, D. J., “Three-Dimensional Display of Medical Image Volumes”, Proceedings of NCGA’86 Conference, III, 114–123, (May 1986).
Tam, Y. W. and Davis, W. A., “Display of 3D Medical Images”, Proceedings of Graphics Interface’88, Edmonton, Alberta, 78–86, June 1988.
Tiede, U., Hoehne, K. H., Bomans, M., Pommert, A., Riemer, M., and Wiebecke, G., “Investigation of Medical 3D-Rendering Algorithms”, IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 10, 3, 41–53, (March 1990).
Torrance, K. E. and Sparrow, E. M., “Theory for Off-Specular Reflection from Roughened Surfaces”, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 57, 1105–1114, (1967).
Udupa, J. K. and Hung, H. M., “Surface Versus Volume Rendering: A Comparative Assessment”, Proceedings of the First Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing, Atlanta, GA, 83–91, May 1990.
Warn, D. R., “Lighting Controls for Synthetic Images”, Computer Graphics, 17, 13–21, (1983).
Webber, R. E., “Ray Tracing Voxel Based Data via Biquadratic Local Surface Interpolation”, The Visual Computer, 6, 1, 8–15, (February 1990).
Whitted, T., “An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display”, Communications of the ACM 23, 6, 343–349, (June 1980).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag Tokyo
About this paper
Cite this paper
Yagel, R., Cohen, D., Kaufman, A. (1991). Context Sensitive Normal Estimation for Volume Imaging. In: Patrikalakis, N.M. (eds) Scientific Visualization of Physical Phenomena. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68159-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68159-5_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-68161-8
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-68159-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive