Abstract
The initial concept of Kamiokande was proposed by Koshiba in 1979. This idea was presented by one of his collaborators at a workshop on the unified theory and the baryon number in the universe [1]. The detector considered is shown in Fig.l. It comprises water Čerenkov counters A and B, and is located deep underground. Counter B is used to detect nucléon decay which occurs in water within the detector. To be specific, the size is 20 × 20 × 5 m3, containing 2000 tons of water. The surface is covered with 7500 5-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMT’s), one in every 40 × 40 cm2. The inside of the box is painted black so as to avoid any reflection of the Čerenkov light: the direction and, in some cases, energy of charged particles and γ-rays can then be measured. Counter A has a size of 25 × 25 × 0.1 m3, and is placed above counter B while serving as an anticounter to veto atmospheric muons that penetrate. The inside of this counter is painted white, and the water is dissolved with a wavelength shifter so as to increase the light yield, which reduces the number of necessary phototubes: one hundred tubes are hopefully more than enough. These are pasted onto the top surface of the counter. A steel plate having a thickness 25 cm between counters A and B is used to stop any charged particles produced by nucléon decays in counter B. Fig. 2 illustrates how the p → μ+ + γ decay mode would be detected in this detector.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Y. Watanabe, Proc. Workshop on the unified theory and the baryon number in the universe, KEK Report, KEK-79–18 (1979).
T. Hayashi, Proc. INS Int. Symp. on nuclear radiation detectors, Tokyo (1981).
T. Suda, Proc. Neutrino ′81, Hawaii (1981).
K. Takahashi, Proc. Third workshop on grand unification, North Carolina (1982).
M. Koshiba, Proc. 21th High energy Int. conf., Paris (1982); Proc. Topical symposium on high energy physics, Tokyo (1982).
K. Arisaka, Proc. Topical symposium on high energy physics, Tokyo (1982).
A. Suzuki, Proc. Topical symposium on high energy physics, Tokyo (1982).
H. Kume et al., Nucl. Instr. of Meth. 205 (1983), 443.
M. Koshiba, Proc. ICOBAN ′84, Utah (1984).
Y. Totsuka, Proc. XIXth Moriond Conf. (1984)
K. Arisaka et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 54 (1985) 3213. 420 A. Suzuki
T. Kajita et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 54 (1985) 4065.
T. Kajita et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 55 (1986) 711.
V.A. Rubakov, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. & Teor. Fiz. 33 (1981) 658 (JETP Lett. 33 (1981) 644);
V.A. Rubakov, Nucl. Phys. B203(1982) 311.
J. Arafune and M. Fukugita, Phys. Lett. B133 (1983) 380.
T. Kajita et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 54 (1985) 4065.
K. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 1490.
M. Koshiba, Phys. Rep. 220 (1992) 229.
Y. Oyama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (1987) 2604.
R. Davis, Jr., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 (1968) 1205.
J.K. Rowley, B.T. Cleveland and R. Davis, Jr., AIP Conf. Proc. No. 126 (1984) pi.
E.W. Beier, in Proc. the 7th Workshop on Grand Unification/ICOBAN ′86, Toyama (1986).
A. Suzuki, in Proc. the 12th Int. Conf. on Neutrino Physics and Astrophsics, Neutrino ′86, Sendai (1986).
K.S. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (1989) 16.
K. S. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 1297.
J.N. Bahcall and P.K. Ulrich, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60(1988)297.
R. Davis, Jr., Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, Neutrino ′88, Boston (1988).
K. Inoue, Proc. XXVIIIth Recontre de Moriond, Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories (1993).
S.P. Mikheyev and A.Yu Smirnov, Yad. Fiz. 42(1985)1441 (Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 42(1985)913).
L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. D17 (1978) 2369;
L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. 20 (1979) 2634.
K. S. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 1301.
K.S. Hirata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 9.
M. Koshiba, Proc. of Workshop on Grand Unified Theories and Cosmology, KEK Report 84–12 (1983).
M. Koshiba and Y. Totsuka, Proc. of Workshop: Toward Unification and its Verification, KEK Report (1984).
Y. Totsuka, Proc. of 7th Workshop on Grand Unification/ICOBAN ′86, Toyama (1986); UT-ICEPP-86–06; in Proc. of Int. Symposium on Underground Physics Experiments, Tokyo (1990).
A. Suzuki et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. (1993).
M. Takita, in Proc. Frontiers of Neutrino Astrophysics, Takayama (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Japan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suzuki, A. (1994). Kamiokande: Historical Account. In: Fukugita, M., Suzuki, A. (eds) Physics and Astrophysics of Neutrinos. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67029-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67029-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-67031-5
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-67029-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive