Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Muscarinic Antagonists for Myopia Control

  • Chapter
Myopia Updates

Summary

Previous nonsurgical treatment of myopia using optical and pharmaceutical agents has not allowed an unequivocal consensus. Such studies must be based on the natural history of myopia progression, accurate biometric measurements, and randomized clinical trials. Progress in the research of mechanisms responsible for myopia induction and progression has led to renewed enthusiasm in the optical approach and especially the pharmacological approach. Past experience with the cycloplegics is reviewed. A promising therapeutic agent may be a muscarinic receptor antagonist but without mydriatic and cycloplegic side effects. Retardation and reversal of myopia is important not only for the control of myopia and related complications but for refractive surgery in that low degrees of myopia ensures surgical success and patient satisfaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Perrigin J, Perrigin DM, Quintero S, Grosvenor T (1990) Siliconacrylate contact lenses for myopia control: 3-year results. Optom Vis Sci 67:764–769

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Chew SJ, Saw SM, Rajan U, O’Brien L, Chan TK, Khoo CY, Lam DSC, Butuner Z, Levy B, Cheng HM (1997) RGP contact lenses in the control of myopia. ARVO Annual Meeting, 1997 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Goss DA (1994) Effect of spectacle correction on the progression of myopia in children—a literature review. J AM Optom Assoc 65:117–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tokoro T (1970) Experimental myopia in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 9:926–934

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Young FA (1981) Primate myopia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 58:560–566

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Raviola E, Wiesel TN (1985) An animal model of myopia. N Engl J Med 312:1609–1615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Norton TT (1990) Experimental myopia in tree shrews. Ciba Found Symp 155:178–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Norton TT, Siegawart JT Jr (1995) Animal models of emmetropization: matching existing length to the focal length. J Am Optom Assoc 66:405–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lauder JK (1991) Review: avian models for experimental myopia. J Ocul Pharmacol 7:259–276

    Google Scholar 

  10. Brodstein RS, Brodstein DE, Olson RJ, Hunt SC, Williams RR (1984) The treatment of myopia with atropine and bifocals: a long-term prospective study. Ophthalmology 91:1373–1378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dyer JA (1979) Role of cycloplegics in progressive myopia. Ophthalmology 86:692–694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Goss DA (1982) Attempts to reduce the rate of increase of myopia in young people— a critical literature review. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 59:828–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kennedy RH (1995) Progression of myopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 93:755–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Yen MY, Liu JH, Kao SC, Shiao CH (1989) Comparison of the effect of atropine and cyclopentolate on myopia. Ann Ophthalmol 21:180–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bell GR (1993) Biomechanical considerations in high myopia. Part I. Physiological characteristics. J Am Optom Assoc 64:332–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bell GR (1993) Biomechanical considerations in high myopia. Par II. Biomechanical forces affecting high myopia. J Am Optom Assoc 64:339–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bell GR (1993) Biomechanical considerations in high myopia. Part III. Therapy for high myopia. J Am Optom Assoc 64:346–351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chung KM (1993) Critical review of optical defocus on refractive development and ocular growth and relation to accommodation. Optom Vis Sci 70:228–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Goss DA, Wickham MG (1995) Retinal-image mediated ocular growth as a mechanism for juvenile onset myopia and for emmetropization: a literative review. Doc Ophthalmol 90:341–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA (1987) Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science 237:73–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wallman J (1990) Retinal influences on sclera underlie visual deprivation myopia. Ciba Found Symp 155:126–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wallman J (1992) Retinal control of eye growth and refraction. Prog Retinal Res 12:243–249

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sorsby A (1970) Transmission of refractive errors within Eskimo families. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 471:244–249

    Google Scholar 

  24. Grisham JD, Simons HD (1986) Refractive error and the reading process: a literature analysis. J Am Optom Assoc 57:44–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pärssinen O, Lyyra AL (1993) Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three-year follow-up study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:2794–2802

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pärssinen TO (1987) Relation between refraction, education, occupation, and age among 26- and 46-year-old Finns. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 64:136–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rosner M, Belkin M (1987) Intelligence, education and myopia in males. Arch Ophthalmol 105:1508–1511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chew SJ, Chia SC, Lee LKT (1988) The pattern of myopia in young Singaporean men. Singapore Med J 29:201–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dolezalová V, Mottlová D (1995) Relation between myopia and intelligence. Cesk Oftalmol 51:235–239

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wong L, Coggon D, Cruddas M, Hwang CH (1993) Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen. J Epidemiol Community Health 47:50–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zylbermann R, Landau D, Berson D (1993) The influence of study habits on myopia in Jewish teenagers. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 30:319–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tay MTH, Au Eong KG, Ng CY, Lim MK (1992) Myopia and educational attainment in 421, 116 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J 21:785–791

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Teasdale TW, Fuchs J, Goldschimdt E (1988) Degree of myopia in relation to intelligence and educational level. Lancet 8624:1351–1354

    Google Scholar 

  34. Miller EM (1992) On the correlation of myopia and intelligence. Geneti Soc Gen Psychol Monogr 118:361–383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Simensen B, Thorud LO (1994) Adult-onset myopia and occupation. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 72:469–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Adams, McBrien (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Luedde WH (1932) Monocular cycloplegia for the control of myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 15:603–609

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bedrossian RH (1971) The effect of atropine on myopia. Ann Ophthalmol 3:891–897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bedrossian RH (1979) The effect of atropine on myopia. Ophthalmology 86:713–719

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gimbel HV (1973) The control of myopia with atropine. Can J Ophthalmol 8:527–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gostin SB (1962) Prophylactic management of progressive myopia. South Med J 55:916–920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Takano Y (1964) Treatment of myopia by the instillation of tropicamide. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 18:45–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Yamaji R, Yoshihara M, Sakiyama, Furuta I, Ishikawa K (1964) Clinical study on the effect of Mydrin OM on the visual acuity and refraction in myopic children. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol 18:397–405

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tokoro T, Kabe S (1964) Treatment of the myopia and the changes in optical components. Report I. Topical application of NeoSynephrine and tropicamide. Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 68:1958–1961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Curtin BJ (1972) The management of myopia. Trans PA Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 25:117–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Curtin BJ (1985) The myopias: basic science and clinical management. Harper & Row, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  47. Guo SS, Sivak JG, Callender MG, Diehl-Jones B (1995) Retinal dopamine and lensinduced errors in chicks. Curr Eye Res 14:385–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Iuvone PM, Tigges M, Stone RA, Lambert S, Laties AM (1991) Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:1674–1677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Seko Y, Shimokawa H, Tokoro T (1995) Expression of bFGF and TGF-beta 2 in experimental myopia in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1183–1187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stone RA, Lin T, Laties AM, Iuvone PM (1989) Retinal dopamine and formdeprivation myopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:704–706

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stone RA, Lin T, Iuvone PM, Laties AM (1990) Postnatal control of ocular growth: dopaminergic mechanisms. Ciba Found Symp 155:45–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chew SJ, Tseng P (1997) Natural history of refractive errors and the nonsurgical management of myopia. In: Serdarevic ON (ed) Refractive surgery: current techniques and management. Igaku-Shoin, New York, pp 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  53. North RV, Kelly ME (1987) A review of the uses and adverse effects of topical adminstration of atropine. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 7:109–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. McBrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP (1993) Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:205–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wallman J (1994) Nature and nurture of myopia. Nature 371:201–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Norton TT, Rada JA, Hassell JR (1992) Extracellular matrix changes in the sclera of shrews with induced myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:1054

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rada JA, Brenza HL (1995) Increased gelatinase activity in the sclera of visually deprived chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1555–1565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Guggenheim JA, Crisp MS, Wainwright SD, McBrien NA (1995) Gelatinase activity in tree shrew sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:760

    Google Scholar 

  59. Guggenheim JA, McBrien NA (1996) Formdeprivation myopia induces activation of scleral matrix metalloproteinase-2 in tree schrew. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 37:1380–1395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chew SJ, Beuerman RW (1993) Control of cornea wound healing and myopia by in vivo and in vitro inhibition of scleral and corneal fibroblast proliferation by muscarinic antagonists. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 34:320

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cottriall CL, McBrien NA (1996) The M1 muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine reduces myopia and eye enlargement in tree shrew. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1368–1379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McBrien NA, Cottriall CL (1993) Pirenzepine reduces axial elongation and myopia in monocularly deprived tree shrews. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 34:1210

    Google Scholar 

  63. McKanna JA, Casagrande VA (1981) Atropine affects lid-suture myopia development. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser 28:187–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. McKanna JA, Casagrande VA (1985) Chronic cycloplegia prevents lid-suture myopia in tree shrews. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 26:331

    Google Scholar 

  65. Rickers M, Schaeffel F (1995) Dose-dependent effect of intravitreal pirenzepine on deprivation myopia and lens-induced refractive errors in chickens. Exp Eye Res 61:509–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Richere M, et al. (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Stone RA, Lin T, Laties AM (1991) Muscarinic antagonist effects on experimental chick myopia. Exp Eye Res 52:755–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Marzani D, Lind GJ, Chew SJ, Wallman J (1994) Muscarinic antagonists act directly of inhibit proteoglycan synthesis in the sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 35:1801

    Google Scholar 

For Further Reading

  • Beuerman RW, Chew SJ (1993) Visual form deprivation induces myopia in the infant rabbit, which is reduced by muscarinic antagonists applied directly to the sclera. Soc Neurosci Abstr 19:1102

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew SJ, Beuerman RW (1995) Visual form deprivation induces myopia in the infant rabbit, which is reduced by muscarinic antagonists applied directly to the sclera. In: Chew SJ, Weintraub J (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international conference on myopia. Myopia Tuternational Rosearch Fondation New Vork pp 231–2446

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew SJ, Lind GJ, Marzani D (1995) A direct effect for muscarinic antagonsis on the sclera: implications for the control of myopia. In: Chew SJ, Weintraub J (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international conference on myopia. Myopia International Research Foundation, New York, pp 229–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew SJ, Wong PK (1995) Atropine in the reduction of myopic anisometropia in children. In: Chew SJ, Weintraub J (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international conference on myopia. Myopia International Research Foundation, New York, pp 247–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Chew SJ, Wong PK (1992) Use of atropine in the control of eye growth and improvement of vision in myopia. In: XIII International Conference on Human Functioning, Wichita, K5

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin BJ (1970) Myopia: a review of its etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Sury Ophthalmol 15:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen H, Goldschmidt E (1991) Management of myopia: pharmaceutical agents. In: Grosvenor T, Flom M (eds) Refractive anomalies-research and clinical applications Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp 371–383

    Google Scholar 

  • McBrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP (1991) Atropine reduces axial elongation and myopia in visually deprived chick eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (suppl) 32:1203

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Singapore National Eye Center, c/o Snec, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 0316, Singapore

    Sek-Jin Chew & Sek-Tien Hoh

  2. Singapore Eye Research Institute, c/o Snec, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 0316, Singapore

    Sek-Jin Chew & Jenny Tan

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Hong-Ming Cheng

  4. NMR Research, Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Hong-Ming Cheng

  5. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA

    Hong-Ming Cheng

Authors
  1. Sek-Jin Chew
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sek-Tien Hoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jenny Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hong-Ming Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan

    Takashi Tokoro M.D. (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chew, SJ., Hoh, ST., Tan, J., Cheng, HM. (1998). Muscarinic Antagonists for Myopia Control. In: Tokoro, T. (eds) Myopia Updates. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66959-3_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66959-3_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-66961-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-66959-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation