Summary
The ability to create and manipulate meaningful data structures of cognitive spaces remains a problem for designers of geographic information systems. Methods to represent the inherent hierarchical structure in cognitive spaces are discussed. Several alternative scaling techniques for developing hierarchical and overlapping representations, including ordered trees, ultrametric trees, and semi-lattices, are presented and discussed. To demonstrate the differences among these three representation schemes, each of three techniques is applied to two small datasets collected on the recall of capitals or countries in Europe. The methods discussed here were chosen to illustrate the limitations of a strict, hierarchical representation and because they have been used in the past to model cognitive spaces.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aho, A. V., et al. (1974): The design and analysis of computer programs, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Alexander (1965): A city is not a tree, Design, 46–55.
Barthelemy, J. P., et al. (1986): On the use of ordered sets in problems and consensus of classification, Journal of Classification, 3, 187–224.
Carroll, J. D. and Corter, J. E. (1995): A graph-theoretic method for organizing overlap- ping clusters into trees, multiple trees, or extended trees, Journal of Classification,in press.
Carroll, J. D. and Pruzansky, S. (1980): Discrete and hybrid scaling models. In: Si7nilarity and Choice, Lantermann, E. D. and Feger, H.. (eds.), Hans Huber, Bern.
Couclelis, H., et al. (1987): Exploring the anchor-point hypothesis of spatial cognition, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 7, 99–122.
Diday, E. (1986): Orders and overlapping clusters in pyramids, In: Multidimensional data analysis de Leeuw, J., et al. (eds.), 201–234, DSWO Press, Leiden.
Golledge, R. G. (1992): Place recognition and wayfinding: Making sense of space, Geoforum, 23, 199–214.
Hirtle, S. C. (1991): Knowledge representations of spatial relations. In: Mathematical psychology: Current developments, Doignon, J.-P. and Falmagne, J.-C. (eds.), 233–250, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hirtle, S. C. (1995) Representational structures for cognitive space: Trees, ordered trees, and semi-lattices, In: Spatial information theory: A theoretical basis for GIS, Frank, A. V. and Kuhn, W. (eds.), Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
Hirtle, S. C. and Heidorn, P. B. (1993): The structure of cognitive maps: Representations and processes. In:, Behavior and environment: Psychological and geographical approaches, Garling, T. and Golledge, R. G. (eds.), 170–192, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Hirtle, S. C. and Jonides, J. (1985): Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps, Memory and Cognition, 3, 208–217.
Kim, H., and Hirtle, S. C. (1995). Spatial metaphors and disorientation in hypertext browsing. Behaviour and Information Technology, 14, 239–250.
McNamara, T. P., et al. (1989): Subjective hierarchies in spatial memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 211–227.
Medyckyj-Scott, D. J. and Blades, M. (1992): Human spatial cognition, Geoforum, 2, 215226.
Reitman, J. S. and Rueter, H. R. (1980): Organization revealed by recall orders and confirmed by pauses, Cognitive Psychology, 12, 554–581.
Sattath, S. and Tversky, A. (1977): Additive similarity trees. Psychometrika, 42, 319–345.
Shepard, R. N. and Arabie, P. (1979): Additive clustering: Representation of similarities as combinations of discrete overlapping properties, Psychological Review, 86, 87–123.
Stevens, A. and Coupe, P. (1978): Distortions in judged spatial relations, Cognitive Psychology, 10, 422–437.
Van Cutsem, B. (Ed.) (1994): Classification and dissimilarity analysis, Lecture Notes in Statistics, No. 93, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Japan
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hirtle, S.C., Cai, G. (1998). Classification Structures for Cognitive Maps. In: Hayashi, C., Yajima, K., Bock, HH., Ohsumi, N., Tanaka, Y., Baba, Y. (eds) Data Science, Classification, and Related Methods. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65950-1_44
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65950-1_44
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-70208-5
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-65950-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive