Abstract
Separation of urine at source followed by on-site storage and adequate treatment has become a basic idea for more sustainable alternatives in management of household wastewater. Compared to interests in phosphate, nitrogen, and micro-pollutants, discussion about organic matter seemed to be not enough especially on the changes in the character of urine during storage process. Fresh human urine was collected and concentrations of 40 amino acids, 8 organic acids, 4 nitrogen, and 6 inorganic ion species. Molecular weight distribution of organic matter was measured. Electrochemical characteristics of urine were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Storage test in batch system at 30 °C for 90 days were conducted to investigate their fate. Decline of pharmaceuticals was observed in storage test. Most of the organic matter except urea decomposed to smaller molecule within 100 Da. Pharmaceuticals (Tetracycline and Metoprolol) remarkably decreased during the test. Fate of nitrogen was mostly described by urea hydrolysis whereas declines of creatinine and uric acid were also found. Approximately 30% of initial phosphate ion seemed to be precipitated because of crystallization with Mg and Ca ions which levels decreased under detection limit. Results of cyclic voltammetry remarkably showed changes of urine characteristics on the process of storage.
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Acknowledgements
We thank all of volunteers with contribution to urine collection and all of staff in the Hokkaido University Hospital for their help in urine analysis of organic nitrogen, inorganic ion species. Mr. Yusuke Ino provided great helps with us especially in filtration process of urine. This work has been supported by CREST of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).
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Kakimoto, T., Shibuya, H., Suzuki, H., Hotta, S., Funamizu, N. (2019). Components of Pure Fresh Human Urine and Their Fate in Storage Process. In: Funamizu, N. (eds) Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56835-3_9
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