Abstract
In teleost embryos, the formation of the body axes is controlled by both maternal and zygotic factors. During oogenesis, the formation of the oocyte’s animal–vegetal polarity is maternally controlled. A mature oocyte contains a set of factors (dorsal determinants) involved in dorsal determination at the vegetal pole. After fertilization, a parallel array of microtubules forms briefly at the yolk’s vegetal pole to transport the dorsal determinants to the prospective dorsal side. The dorsal determinants activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induce expression of dorsal-specific genes required for forming the dorsal organizer. The molecules expressed in the dorsal organizer antagonize the signaling of ventralizing or posteriorizing factors such as Bmps and Wnts, thereby establishing the signaling gradients that are subsequently required to properly form the dorsoventral (DV) and anteroposterior (AP) axes. Genetic analyses of zebrafish mutants have identified the maternal and zygotic genes that control formation of the body axes. Comparative studies of zebrafish, the primitive ray-finned fish bichir, the basal vertebrate lamprey, and the amphibian Xenopus indicate that bichir embryogenesis is a good model for understanding the evolution of DV axis formation. This chapter focuses on the genetic control of DV and AP axis formation, and its evolution in ray-finned fish.
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Note
We have recently reported that maternal wnt8a is dispensable for the initial dorsal determination but cooperates with zygotic wnt8a for ventrolateral and posterior tissue formation. Maternal wnt6a is an alternative dorsal determinant candidate (Hino et al. Dev Biol 434(1), 96–107, 2018). The data suggest that Wnt8a, Wnt6a, and possibly other Wnts that are expressed maternally may cooperate to activate the canonical Wnt pathway for the dorsal axis formation.
AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the past and current members of the Hibi Laboratory for their contribution to the work cited here, and thank Shin-ichi Aizawa for his advice on bichir studies. This work was partially supported by the Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Scientific Research Fund (2012, 2014).
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Hibi, M., Takeuchi, M., Hashimoto, H., Shimizu, T. (2018). Axis Formation and Its Evolution in Ray-Finned Fish. In: Kobayashi, K., Kitano, T., Iwao, Y., Kondo, M. (eds) Reproductive and Developmental Strategies. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_32
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