Abstract
The self-trait evaluation (STE) task, typically a self-descriptiveness judgment on a personality trait adjective, was initially introduced into cognitive neuroscience to address the memory enhancement effect of the self-referential (SR) process. It has now become a standard paradigm in a variety of basic psychological and clinical fields relevant to the SR process. A decade of neuroimaging research using the STE task was, however, influenced by the cortical midline structure (CMS) dogma, which oversimplified the known involvement of the CMS in the SR process to an exclusive structure–function relationship. The meta-analysis included in this chapter demonstrates that activation outside the CMS also seems to be sensitive to various task, stimulus, and participant factors of the STE task as follows: the lateral prefrontal cortex is sensitive to mental disorders, the lateral social- and body-related regions are sensitive to self-relatedness, and the body-related and visual areas are sensitive to psychological adaptation and aging. Future exploration of such variant components of the SR process over the entire cortex is warranted to enrich our cognitive neuroscientific knowledge of this process, in addition to its related psychological and clinical phenomena.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Araujo HF, Kaplan J, Damasio A (2013) Cortical midline structures and autobiographical-self processes: an activation-likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 7:548
Bedford NJ, Surguladze S, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, David AS (2012) Self-evaluation in schizophrenia: an fMRI study with implications for the understanding of insight. BMC Psychiatry 12:106
Beer JS, Lombardo MV, Bhanji JP (2010) Roles of medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in self-evaluation. J Cogn Neurosci 22(9):2108–2119
Benoit RG, Gilbert SJ, Volle E, Burgess PW (2010) When I think about me and simulate you: medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes. NeuroImage 50(3):1340–1349
Blackwood NJ, Bentall RP, Ffytche DH, Simmons A, Murray RM, Howard RJ (2004) Persecutory delusions and the determination of self-relevance: an fMRI investigation. Psychol Med 34(4):591–596
Bradley KA, Colcombe S, Henderson SE, Alonso CM, Milham MP, Gabbay V (2016) Neural correlates of self-perceptions in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Dev Cogn Neurosci 19:87–97
Brent BK, Coombs G, Keshavan MS, Seidman LJ, Moran JM, Holt DJ (2014) Subclinical delusional thinking predicts lateral temporal cortex responses during social reflection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(3):273–282
Chen P-HA, Wagner DD, Kelley WM, Powers KE, Heatherton TF (2013) Medial prefrontal cortex differentiates self from mother in Chinese: evidence from self-motivated immigrants. Cult Brain 1(1):3–15
Chen PA, Wagner DD, Kelley WM, Heatherton TF (2015) Activity in cortical midline structures is modulated by self-construal changes during acculturation. Cult Brain 3(1):39–52
Chiao JY, Harada T, Komeda H, Li Z, Mano Y, Saito D, Parrish TB, Sadato N, Iidaka T (2009) Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of self. Hum Brain Mapp 30(9):2813–2820
Chiao JY, Harada T, Komeda H, Li Z, Mano Y, Saito D, Parrish TB, Sadato N, Iidaka T (2010) Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. J Cogn Neurosci 22(1):1–11
Colton G, Leshikar ED, Gutchess AH (2013) Age differences in neural response to stereotype threat and resiliency for self-referenced information. Front Hum Neurosci 7:537
Craik FIM, Moroz TM, Moscovitch M, Stuss DT, Winocur G, Tulving E, Kapur S (1999) In search of the self: a positron emission tomography study. Psychol Sci 10(1):26–34
D’Argembeau A (2013) On the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in self-processing: the valuation hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci 7:372
D’Argembeau A, Ruby P, Collette F, Degueldre C, Balteau E, Luxen A, Maquet P, Salmon E (2007) Distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with self-referential processing and perspective taking. J Cogn Neurosci 19(6):935–944
D’Argembeau A, Feyers D, Majerus S, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Maquet P, Salmon E (2008) Self-reflection across time: cortical midline structures differentiate between present and past selves. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3(3):244–252
D’Argembeau A, Jedidi H, Balteau E, Bahri M, Phillips C, Salmon E (2012) Valuing one’s self: medial prefrontal involvement in epistemic and emotive investments in self-views. Cereb Cortex 22(3):659–667
Denny BT, Kober H, Wager TD, Ochsner KN (2012) A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 24(8):1742–1752
Flagan T, Beer JS (2013) Three ways in which midline regions contribute to self-evaluation. Front Hum Neurosci 7:450
Fossati P, Hevenor SJ, Graham SJ, Grady C, Keightley ML, Craik F, Mayberg H (2003) In search of the emotional self: an fMRI study using positive and negative emotional words. Am J Psychiatry 160(11):1938–1945
Fossati P, Hevenor SJ, Lepage M, Graham SJ, Grady C, Keightley ML, Craik F, Mayberg H (2004) Distributed self in episodic memory: neural correlates of successful retrieval of self-encoded positive and negative personality traits. NeuroImage 22(4):1596–1604
Frith U, Frith CD (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 358: 459–473
Goldin P, Ramel W, Gross J (2009) Mindfulness meditation training and self-referential processing in social anxiety disorder: behavioral and neural effects. J Cogn Psychother 23(3):242–257
Goldin P, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Gross JJ (2012) Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction versus aerobic exercise: effects on the self-referential brain network in social anxiety disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 6:295
Grady CL, Grigg O, Ng C (2012) Age differences in default and reward networks during processing of personally relevant information. Neuropsychologia 50(7):1682–1697
Gutchess AH, Kensinger EA, Schacter DL (2007) Aging, self-referencing, and medial prefrontal cortex. Soc Neurosci 2(2):117–133
Gutchess AH, Kensinger EA, Schacter DL (2010) Functional neuroimaging of self-referential encoding with age. Neuropsychologia 48(1):211–219
Gutchess AH, Sokal R, Coleman JA, Gotthilf G, Grewal L, Rosa N (2015) Age differences in self-referencing: evidence for common and distinct encoding strategies. Brain Res 1612:118–127
Han S, Mao L, Gu X, Zhu Y, Ge J, Ma Y (2008) Neural consequences of religious belief on self-referential processing. Soc Neurosci 3(1):1–15
Han S, Gu X, Mao L, Ge J, Wang G, Ma Y (2010) Neural substrates of self-referential processing in Chinese Buddhists. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 5(2-3):332–339
Heatherton TF, Wyland CL, Macrae CN, Demos KE, Denny BT, Kelley WM (2006) Medial prefrontal activity differentiates self from close others. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 1(1):18–25
Hoefler A, Athenstaedt U, Corcoran K, Ebner F, Ischebeck A (2015) Coping with self-threat and the evaluation of self-related traits: an fMRI study. PLoS One 10(9):e0136027
Holt DJ, Cassidy BS, Andrews-Hanna JR, Lee SM, Coombs G, Goff DC, Gabrieli JD, Moran JM (2011) An anterior-to-posterior shift in midline cortical activity in schizophrenia during self-reflection. Biol Psychiatry 69(5):415–423
Hughes BL, Beer JS (2013) Protecting the self: the effect of social-evaluative threat on neural representations of self. J Cogn Neurosci 25(4):613–622
Jankowski KF, Moore WE, Merchant JS, Kahn LE, Pfeifer JH (2014) But do you think I’m cool? Developmental differences in striatal recruitment during direct and reflected social self-evaluations. Dev Cogn Neurosci 8:40–54
Jenkins AC, Mitchell JP (2011) Medial prefrontal cortex subserves diverse forms of self-reflection. Soc Neurosci 6(3):211–218
Jenkins AC, Macrae CN, Mitchell JP (2008) Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(11):4507–4512
Johnson SC, Baxter LC, Wilder LS, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE, Prigatano GP (2002) Neural correlates of self-reflection. Brain 125(Pt 8):1808–1814
Johnson SC, Ries ML, Hess TM, Carlsson CM, Gleason CE, Alexander AL, Rowley HA, Asthana S, Sager MA (2007) Effect of Alzheimer disease risk on brain function during self-appraisal in healthy middle-aged adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(10):1163–1171
Kelley WM, Macrae CN, Wyland CL, Caglar S, Inati S, Heatherton TF (2002) Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 14(5):785–794
Kennedy DP, Courchesne E (2008) Functional abnormalities of the default network during self- and other-reflection in autism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3(2):177–190
Kim EJ, Kyeong S, Cho SW, Chun JW, Park HJ, Kim J, Kim J, Dolan RJ, Kim JJ (2016) Happier people show greater neural connectivity during negative self-referential processing. PLoS One 11(2):e0149554
Kircher TT, Brammer M, Bullmore E, Simmons A, Bartels M, David AS (2002) The neural correlates of intentional and incidental self processing. Neuropsychologia 40(6):683–692
Kjaer TW, Nowak M, Lou HC (2002) Reflective self-awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core. NeuroImage 17(2):1080–1086
Krienen FM, Tu PC, Buckner RL (2010) Clan mentality: evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex responds to close others. J Neurosci 30(41):13906–13915
Lemogne C, le Bastard G, Mayberg H, Volle E, Bergouignan L, Lehericy S, Allilaire JF, Fossati P (2009) In search of the depressive self: extended medial prefrontal network during self-referential processing in major depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4(3):305–312
Lemogne C, Mayberg H, Bergouignan L, Volle E, Delaveau P, Lehericy S, Allilaire JF, Fossati P (2010) Self-referential processing and the prefrontal cortex over the course of depression: a pilot study. J Affect Disord 124(1–2):196–201
Lemogne C, Delaveau P, Freton M, Guionnet S, Fossati P (2012) Medial prefrontal cortex and the self in major depression. J Affect Disord 136(1-2):e1–e11
Lieberman MD, Jarcho JM, Satpute AB (2004) Evidence-based and intuition-based self-knowledge: an FMRI study. J Pers Soc Psychol 87(4):421–435
Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, Sadek SA, Pasco G, Wheelwright SJ, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S (2010) Atypical neural self-representation in autism. Brain 133(Pt 2):611–624
Lou HC, Luber B, Crupain M, Keenan JP, Nowak M, Kjaer TW, Sackeim HA, Lisanby SH (2004) Parietal cortex and representation of the mental self. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(17):6827–6832
Ma Y, Bang D, Wang C, Allen M, Frith C, Roepstorff A, Han S (2014a) Sociocultural patterning of neural activity during self-reflection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(1):73–80
Ma Y, Wang C, Li B, Zhang W, Rao Y, Han S (2014b) Does self-construal predict activity in the social brain network? A genetic moderation effect. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(9):1360–1367
Macrae CN, Moran JM, Heatherton TF, Banfield JF, Kelley WM (2004) Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self. Cereb Cortex 14(6):647–654
McAdams CJ, Krawczyk DC (2014) Who am I? How do I look? Neural differences in self-identity in anorexia nervosa. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(1):12–21
Meffert H, Blanken L, Blair KS, White SF, Blair JR (2013) The influence of valence and decision difficulty on self-referential processing. Front Hum Neurosci 7:46
Modinos G, Ormel J, Aleman A (2009) Activation of anterior insula during self-reflection. PLoS One 4(2):e4618
Modinos G, Renken R, Ormel J, Aleman A (2011) Self-reflection and the psychosis-prone brain: an fMRI study. Neuropsychology 25(3):295–305
Moran JM, Macrae CN, Heatherton TF, Wyland CL, Kelley WM (2006) Neuroanatomical evidence for distinct cognitive and affective components of self. J Cogn Neurosci 18(9):1586–1594
Moran JM, Lee SM, Gabrieli JD (2011) Dissociable neural systems supporting knowledge about human character and appearance in ourselves and others. J Cogn Neurosci 23(9):2222–2230
Morel N, Villain N, Rauchs G, Gaubert M, Piolino P, Landeau B, Mezenge F, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Chetelat G (2014) Brain activity and functional coupling changes associated with self-reference effect during both encoding and retrieval. PLoS One 9(3):e90488
Morin A, Hamper B (2012) Self-reflection and the inner voice: activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus during perceptual and conceptual self-referential thinking. Open Neuroimaging J 6:78–89
Murphy ER, Brent BK, Benton M, Pruitt P, Diwadkar V, Rajarethinam RP, Keshavan MS (2010) Differential processing of metacognitive evaluation and the neural circuitry of the self and others in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 116(2–3):252–258
Murray RJ, Schaer M, Debbane M (2012) Degrees of separation: a quantitative neuroimaging meta-analysis investigating self-specificity and shared neural activation between self- and other-reflection. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(3):1043–1059
Murray RJ, Debbane M, Fox PT, Bzdok D, Eickhoff SB (2015) Functional connectivity mapping of regions associated with self- and other-processing. Hum Brain Mapp 36(4):1304–1324
Ng SH, Han S, Mao L, Lai JC (2010) Dynamic bicultural brains: fMRI study of their flexible neural representation of self and significant others in response to culture primes. Asian J Soc Psychol 13(2):83–91
Northoff G, Bermpohl F (2004) Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends Cogn Sci 8(3):102–107
Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, Bermpohl F, Dobrowolny H, Panksepp J (2006) Self-referential processing in our brain – a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. NeuroImage 31(1):440–457
Ochsner KN, Beer JS, Robertson ER, Cooper JC, Gabrieli JD, Kihsltrom JF, D’Esposito M (2005) The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge. NeuroImage 28(4):797–814
Pankow A, Katthagen T, Diner S, Deserno L, Boehme R, Kathmann N, Gleich T, Gaebler M, Walter H, Heinz A, Schlagenhauf F (2016) Aberrant salience is related to dysfunctional self-referential processing in psychosis. Schizophr Bull 42(1):67–76
Pauly K, Finkelmeyer A, Schneider F, Habel U (2013) The neural correlates of positive self-evaluation and self-related memory. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8(8):878–886
Pauly KD, Kircher TT, Schneider F, Habel U (2014) Me, myself and I: temporal dysfunctions during self-evaluation in patients with schizophrenia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(11):1779–1788
Pfeifer JH, Lieberman MD, Dapretto M (2007) “I know you are but what am I?!”: neural bases of self- and social knowledge retrieval in children and adults. J Cogn Neurosci 19(8):1323–1337
Pfeifer JH, Masten CL, Borofsky LA, Dapretto M, Fuligni AJ, Lieberman MD (2009) Neural correlates of direct and reflected self-appraisals in adolescents and adults: when social perspective-taking informs self-perception. Child Dev 80(4):1016–1038
Pfeifer JH, Kahn LE, Merchant JS, Peake SJ, Veroude K, Masten CL, Lieberman MD, Mazziotta JC, Dapretto M (2013a) Longitudinal change in the neural bases of adolescent social self-evaluations: effects of age and pubertal development. J Neurosci 33(17):7415–7419
Pfeifer JH, Merchant JS, Colich NL, Hernandez LM, Rudie JD, Dapretto M (2013b) Neural and behavioral responses during self-evaluative processes differ in youth with and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord 43(2):272–285
Powell LJ, Macrae CN, Cloutier J, Metcalfe J, Mitchell JP (2010) Dissociable neural substrates for agentic versus conceptual representations of self. J Cogn Neurosci 22(10):2186–2197
Qin P, Northoff G (2011) How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network? NeuroImage 57(3):1221–1233
Rameson LT, Satpute AB, Lieberman MD (2010) The neural correlates of implicit and explicit self-relevant processing. NeuroImage 50(2):701–708
Ray RD, Shelton AL, Hollon NG, Michel BD, Frankel CB, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD (2009) Cognitive and neural development of individuated self-representation in children. Child Dev 80(4):1232–1242
Ray RD, Shelton AL, Hollon NG, Matsumoto D, Frankel CB, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD (2010) Interdependent self-construal and neural representations of self and mother. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 5(2-3):318–323
Ries ML, Schmitz TW, Kawahara TN, Torgerson BM, Trivedi MA, Johnson SC (2006) Task-dependent posterior cingulate activation in mild cognitive impairment. NeuroImage 29(2):485–492
Ries ML, Jabbar BM, Schmitz TW, Trivedi MA, Gleason CE, Carlsson CM, Rowley HA, Asthana S, Johnson SC (2007) Anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment: relationship to activation of cortical midline structures involved in self-appraisal. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13(3):450–461
Rogers TB, Kuiper NA, Kirker WS (1977) Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. J Pers Soc Psychol 35(9):677–688
Ruby P, Collette F, D’Argembeau A, Peters F, Degueldre C, Balteau E, Luxen A, Maquet P, Salmon E (2009) Perspective taking to assess self-personality: what’s modified in Alzheimer’s disease? Neurobiol Aging 30(10):1637–1651
Sarsam M, Parkes LM, Roberts N, Reid GS, Kinderman P (2013) The Queen and I: neural correlates of altered self-related cognitions in major depressive episode. PLoS One 8(10):e78844
Saverino C, Grigg O, Churchill NW, Grady CL (2015) Age differences in the default network at rest and the relation to self-referential processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 10(2):231–239
Schmitz TW, Johnson SC (2006) Self-appraisal decisions evoke dissociated dorsal-ventral aMPFC networks. NeuroImage 30(3):1050–1058
Schmitz TW, Johnson SC (2007) Relevance to self: a brief review and framework of neural systems underlying appraisal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31(4):585–596
Schmitz TW, Kawahara-Baccus TN, Johnson SC (2004) Metacognitive evaluation, self-relevance, and the right prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 22(2):941–947
Schmitz TW, Rowley HA, Kawahara TN, Johnson SC (2006) Neural correlates of self-evaluative accuracy after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia 44(5):762–773
Schneider M, Debbane M, Lagioia A, Salomon R, d’Argembeau A, Eliez S (2012) Comparing the neural bases of self-referential processing in typically developing and 22q11.2 adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2(2):277–289
Sugiura M (2013) Associative account of self-cognition: extended forward model and multi-layer structure. Front Hum Neurosci 7:535
Sugiura M, Seitz RJ, Angel H-F (2015) Models and neural bases of the believing process. J Behav Brain Sci 5(01):12
Sul S, Choi I, Kang P (2012) Cultural modulation of self-referential brain activity for personality traits and social identities. Soc Neurosci 7(3):280–291
Symons CS, Johnson BT (1997) The self-reference effect in memory: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 121(3):371–394
Tan S, Zhao Y, Fan F, Zou Y, Jin Z, Zen Y, Zhu X, Yang F, Tan Y, Zhou D (2015) Brain correlates of self-evaluation deficits in schizophrenia: a combined functional and structural MRI study. PLoS One 10(9):e0138737
van Buuren M, Gladwin TE, Zandbelt BB, Kahn RS, Vink M (2010) Reduced functional coupling in the default-mode network during self-referential processing. Hum Brain Mapp 31(8):1117–1127
van der Meer L, Costafreda S, Aleman A, David AS (2010) Self-reflection and the brain: a theoretical review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies with implications for schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(6):935–946
van der Meer L, de Vos AE, Stiekema AP, Pijnenborg GH, van Tol MJ, Nolen WA, David AS, Aleman A (2013) Insight in schizophrenia: involvement of self-reflection networks? Schizophr Bull 39(6):1288–1295
Vanderwal T, Hunyadi E, Grupe DW, Connors CM, Schultz RT (2008) Self, mother and abstract other: an fMRI study of reflective social processing. NeuroImage 41(4):1437–1446
Veroude K, Jolles J, Croiset G, Krabbendam L (2014) Sex differences in the neural bases of social appraisals. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(4):513–519
Wang G, Mao L, Ma Y, Yang X, Cao J, Liu X, Wang J, Wang X, Han S (2012) Neural representations of close others in collectivistic brains. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 7(2):222–229
Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Moran JM, Nieto-Castanon A, Triantafyllou C, Saxe R, Gabrieli JD (2011) Associations and dissociations between default and self-reference networks in the human brain. NeuroImage 55(1):225–232
Wu Y, Wang C, He X, Mao L, Zhang L (2010) Religious beliefs influence neural substrates of self-reflection in Tibetans. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 5(2-3):324–331
Yang J, Dedovic K, Chen W, Zhang Q (2012) Self-esteem modulates dorsal anterior cingulate cortical response in self-referential processing. Neuropsychologia 50(7):1267–1270
Yang J, Xu X, Chen Y, Shi Z, Han S (2016) Trait self-esteem and neural activities related to self-evaluation and social feedback. Sci Rep 6:20274
Yaoi K, Osaka N, Osaka M (2009) Is the self special in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex? An fMRI study. Soc Neurosci 4(5):455–463
Yaoi K, Osaka M, Osaka N (2015) Neural correlates of the self-reference effect: evidence from evaluation and recognition processes. Front Hum Neurosci 9:383
Yoshimura S, Ueda K, Suzuki S, Onoda K, Okamoto Y, Yamawaki S (2009) Self-referential processing of negative stimuli within the ventral anterior cingulate gyrus and right amygdala. Brain Cogn 69(1):218–225
Yoshimura S, Okamoto Y, Onoda K, Matsunaga M, Ueda K, Suzuki S, Yamawaki S (2010) Rostral anterior cingulate cortex activity mediates the relationship between the depressive symptoms and the medial prefrontal cortex activity. J Affect Disord 122(1-2):76–85
Yoshimura S, Okamoto Y, Onoda K, Matsunaga M, Okada G, Kunisato Y, Yoshino A, Ueda K, Suzuki S, Yamawaki S (2014) Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression changes medial prefrontal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex activity associated with self-referential processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9(4):487–493
Zhang L, Zhou T, Zhang J, Liu Z, Fan J, Zhu Y (2006) In search of the Chinese self: an fMRI study. Sci China C Life Sci 49(1):89–96
Zhu Y, Zhang L, Fan J, Han S (2007) Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. NeuroImage 34(3):1310–1316
Zhu L, Guo X, Li J, Zheng L, Wang Q, Yang Z (2012) Hippocampal activity is associated with self-descriptiveness effect in memory, whereas self-reference effect in memory depends on medial prefrontal activity. Hippocampus 22(7):1540–1552
Zysset S, Huber O, Ferstl E, von Cramon DY (2002) The anterior frontomedian cortex and evaluative judgment: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 15(4):983–991
Zysset S, Huber O, Samson A, Ferstl EC, von Cramon DY (2003) Functional specialization within the anterior medial prefrontal cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with human subjects. Neurosci Lett 335(3):183–186
Acknowledgment
The preparation of this manuscript was supported by KAKENHI 16H01873 from JSPS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Japan KK
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sugiura, M. (2017). The Self-Trait Evaluation Task: Exodus from the Cortical Midline Structure Dogma. In: Tsukiura, T., Umeda, S. (eds) Memory in a Social Context. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56591-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56591-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56589-5
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56591-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)