Abstract
What are the neural markers of encoding and retrieving memories of emotional events with increased efficacy? In recent years, this question has captured the attention of neuroscientists, who have been fervently engaged in addressing it using a multitude of approaches. The present chapter emphasizes evidence from brain imaging investigations regarding three emerging research directions in the field: the role of social information in emotional memory, the role of emotion regulation in the impact of emotion on memory, and the impact of emotion on associative or relational memory. Overall, this evidence provides insights into the brain mechanisms that make emotional memories special, points to possible alterations that may explain negative affective biases in encoding and retrieving emotional memories observed in affective disorders, and highlights specific aspects to be clarified in future research.
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Notes
- 1.
It is important to note that besides the emerging aspects discussed here, aspects emphasizing the importance of understanding individual differences in the research of emotional memory are also important. However, because of space limitations, these aspects are not the focus of the present discussion (but see Dolcos et al. 2012, 2017; Katsumi et al. 2017). It should be mentioned, however, that investigation of how the neural mechanisms involved in the memory-enhancing effects of emotion vary among individuals allows a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in both normal functioning and in clinical conditions, such as affective disorders, which are typically characterized by dysfunctional emotional memory. Thus, it is crucial to understand the factors that influence individual variation in the engagement of and interactions among brain regions during the encoding and retrieval of emotional memories. Such factors could be linked to personality, sex, and age-related differences, among others, in basic emotional responses and in emotion regulation (reviewed in Dolcos et al. 2017).
- 2.
As previously noted, this nomenclature does not refer to the notion of neuronal plasticity sensu stricto, as is generally accepted in neuroscience linked to memory processes (see Martin et al. 2000), but rather to the place where plasticity is expected in relation to processing, leading to increased emotional memories, as predicted by the two views. Both the modulation and the plasticity hypotheses predict neural plasticity, but although the former view predicts that the AMY influences plasticity occurring in other brain regions, the latter view posits that the AMY itself is a main site of plasticity that contributes to the memory-enhancing effect of emotion.
- 3.
Arousal refers to a continuum that varies from calm to excitement, whereas valence refers to a continuum that varies from pleasant to unpleasant, with neutral as an intermediate value (for methods of assessing these dimensions, see Bradley and Lang 1994).
- 4.
Recollection-based retrieval refers to remembering specific contextual details of an event (e.g., about the time and place of its occurrence), whereas familiarity-based retrieval refers to only knowing that certain events occurred, without retrieving specific contextual details (Tulving 1985).
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Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Denkova, E., Weymar, M., Dolcos, S. (2017). Current Issues and Emerging Directions in the Impact of Emotion on Memory: A Review of Evidence from Brain Imaging Investigations. In: Tsukiura, T., Umeda, S. (eds) Memory in a Social Context. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56591-8_5
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