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The Endocranial Vascular System: Tracing Vessels

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Digital Endocasts

Part of the book series: Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series ((RNMH))

Abstract

The vascular system is distributed throughout the cerebral, connective, and bony elements of the braincase, and it supplies an anatomical connection between these three components of the endocranial morphology. The imprints and traces left by arteries and veins in the bone thickness and surface can be useful in the analysis of vascular features in fossil specimens and archaeological samples. These traits can provide indirect physiological or morphogenetic information associated with evolutionary changes, demographic relationships, or individual life history. Digital anatomy and computed morphometrics have represented a major advance in the study of these craniovascular characters, for which there is still limited knowledge available regarding their variability, functions, and development. In this chapter, we present and discuss current evidence on the imprints of middle meningeal vessels, diploic veins, dural venous sinuses, and emissary veins. We review the morphological and functional information about these craniovascular features and their applications in paleontology, medicine, bioarchaeology, and forensic science.

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Acknowledgments

This study is funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation International Collaborative Research Grant (ICRG) “Cranial anatomy, anthropology, and the vascular system.” GRL is funded by the International Erasmus Mundus Doctorate in Quaternary and Prehistory consortium (IDQP). HP is supported by NAKI DF12P01OVV021 and SE by the Leonardo da Vinci programme of the European Commission. EB is funded by the Spanish Government (CGL2012-38434-C03-02). The NESPOS platform provided the modern samples used in this study. The specimens used in the images are kept at the National Museum in Prague (Czech Republic), Museum of Anthropology G. Sergi at the University of La Sapienza in Rome (Italy), and University of Burgos (Spain). We would like to thank Ana Sofia Pereira-Pedro and José Manuel de la Cuétara for their collaboration. Special thanks are also due to Marteyn Van Gasteren for the administrative support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Área de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain

    Gizéh Rangel de Lázaro

  2. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Gizéh Rangel de Lázaro

  3. Katedra Antropologie a Genetiky Cloveka, Univerzita Karlova, Viničná 7, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic

    Stanislava Eisová & Hana Píšová

  4. Programa de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain

    Emiliano Bruner

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Correspondence to Gizéh Rangel de Lázaro .

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  1. CENIEH, Burgos, Spain

    Emiliano Bruner

  2. Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

    Naomichi Ogihara

  3. Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    Hiroki C. Tanabe

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Rangel de Lázaro, G., Eisová, S., Píšová, H., Bruner, E. (2018). The Endocranial Vascular System: Tracing Vessels. In: Bruner, E., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. (eds) Digital Endocasts. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56582-6_6

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