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Cerebellum: Anatomy, Physiology, Function, and Evolution

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Digital Endocasts

Part of the book series: Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series ((RNMH))

Abstract

Until recently, few studies have focused on the evolution of the cerebellum in human lineage. While the major functional role of the cerebellum was traditionally thought to be fine motor control, recent neuroimaging and neurological evidence suggests that the cerebellum is deeply involved in a variety of cognitive and social functions. Moreover, the cerebellum has been found to have a unique gross anatomy and microstructure. In contrast to the cerebrum, the cortex of the cerebellum is structured as a homogeneous sheet with a similar internal structure throughout. This cortex contains cerebellar neural circuitry that functions as a learning system capable of constructing and storing internal models of the external environment. Converging evidence suggests that the greater the volume of the cerebellar cortex, the more internal models it is able to store. This neuroanatomical organization may affect innate learning, cognitive ability, and the human capacity to innovate. In this chapter, we review the relationship between cerebellar volume and various cognitive abilities in modern humans and then discuss the evolutionary changes of cerebellar size based on the comparative anatomy of extant primates and the evidence from fossil specimens with our recent findings.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express the deepest gratitude to Prof. Takeru Akazawa of Kochi Institute of Technology for giving the opportunity to participate in the research project “Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning” and for lending his continuous guidance and support throughout the course of the study. We’re also grateful to N. Sadato of the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, N. Ogihara of Keio University, O. Kondo of the University of Tokyo, and H. Ishida, A. Yogi, and S. Murayama of the University of the Ryukyus, for collaborations in this project. We also thank Y. Rak and I. Hershkovitz of Tel Aviv University and C. P. E. Zollikofer and M. Ponce de Leon of the University of Zurich for kindly allowing the use of CT scan data of the Amud 1 and Qafzeh 9; P. Mennecier and A. Froment of Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle for La Chappelle-aux-Saints 1, and Cro-Magnon 1; M. Bastir of Museo Nacional De Ciencias Naturales and C. Stringer of Natural History Museum for Forbes’ Quarry 1; and D. Lieberman, O. Herschensohn, and M. Morgan of Harvard University for Skhul 1. The CT scan data of the Mladec 1 were obtained from the digital archive of fossil hominoids, the University of Vienna. This project is supported by Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning” (#22101001, #22101006, #22101007) and “The Evolutionary Origin and Neural Basis of the Empathetic Systems” (#16H01486) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT), and by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C#26350987.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan

    Hiroki C. Tanabe

  2. Division of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    Daisuke Kubo

  3. Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan

    Kunihiro Hasegawa

  4. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan

    Takanori Kochiyama

  5. Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Osamu Kondo

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Correspondence to Hiroki C. Tanabe .

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  1. CENIEH, Burgos, Spain

    Emiliano Bruner

  2. Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

    Naomichi Ogihara

  3. Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    Hiroki C. Tanabe

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Tanabe, H.C., Kubo, D., Hasegawa, K., Kochiyama, T., Kondo, O. (2018). Cerebellum: Anatomy, Physiology, Function, and Evolution. In: Bruner, E., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. (eds) Digital Endocasts. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56582-6_18

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