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Evolution of the Emotional Brain

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Evolution of the Brain, Cognition, and Emotion in Vertebrates

Part of the book series: Brain Science ((BRASC))

Abstract

The brain systems and processing involved in emotion in vertebrates have evolved considerably. The way in which the primate orbitofrontal cortex has undergone great evolutionary development in primates and comes to overshadow the much evolutionarily older amygdala for many functions related to emotion is described. Indeed there may be no cortical area in rodents that is homologous to most of the primate including human orbitofrontal cortex. The primate including human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) implements reward value. Value is not represented at earlier stages of processing in primates including humans. Invariant visual object recognition is used for many functions including memory formation, so perception is kept separate from emotion. In contrast, in rodents, value is represented even in the first taste relay in the brain, the nucleus of the solitary tract: there is no clear separation between perception and emotion. In rodents, even the taste pathways are connected differently, with subcortical connections bypassing the cortex (including orbitofrontal cortex) and making connections via a pontine taste area directly to the hypothalamus and amygdala. Goal value-directed choice is usual in primates and humans, whereas fixed action patterns, such as pecking in birds, are more common elsewhere. In humans, and perhaps some primates, syntactic reasoning and thereby planning allows selfish gene-specified (emotion-related) rewards to be rejected in favour of the long-term interests of the individual, the phenotype.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK

    Edmund T. Rolls

  2. Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    Edmund T. Rolls

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  1. Edmund T. Rolls
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Correspondence to Edmund T. Rolls .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Shigeru Watanabe

  2. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam Zuidoost, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands

    Michel A Hofman

  3. Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Toru Shimizu

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Rolls, E.T. (2017). Evolution of the Emotional Brain. In: Watanabe, S., Hofman, M., Shimizu, T. (eds) Evolution of the Brain, Cognition, and Emotion in Vertebrates. Brain Science. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56559-8_12

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