Abstract
In this chapter we summarize knowledge on the role of drebrin in cell–cell communications. Specifically, we follow drebrin-connexin-43 interactions and drebrin behavior at the cell–cell interface described earlier. Drebrin is a part of the actin cytoskeleton which is a target of numerous bacteria and viruses invading mammalian cells. Drebrin phosphorylation, self-inhibition and transition between filaments, particles, and podosomes underlie cellular mechanisms involved in diseases and cognitive disorders. Cytoskeletal rearrangements influence the state of gap junction contacts which regulate cell signaling and metabolic flow of information across cells in tissues. Taking into account that connexin-43 (Cx43) (together with Cx30) is heavily expressed in astrocytes and that drebrin supports cell–cell contacts, the understanding of details of how brain cells live and die reveals molecular pathology involved in neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), other cognitive disorders, and aging.
Bidirectional connexin channels are permeable to Ca2+ ions, IP3, ATP, and cAMP. Connexin hemichannels are important for paracrine regulation and can release and exchange energy with other cells using ATP to transfer information and to support damaged cells. Connexin channels, hemichannels, and adhesion plaques are regulated by assembly and disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Drebrin degradation can alter gap junction communication, and drebrin level is decreased in the brain of AD patients. The diversity of drebrin functions in neurons, astrocytes, and non-neuronal cells still remains to be revealed. We believe that the knowledge on drebrin summarized here will contribute to key questions, “covering the gap” between cell–cell communications and the submembrane cytoskeleton.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akhmanova A, Stehbens SJ, Yap AS (2009) Touch, grasp, deliver and control: functional cross-talk between microtubules and cell adhesions. Traffic 10:268–274. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00869.x
Aktories K, Just I (1995) Monoglucosylation of low-molecular mass GTP-binding rho proteins by clostridial cytotoxins. Trends Cell Biol 5:441–443
Alvarez-Maubecin V, Garcia-Hernandez F, Williams JT, Van Bockstaele EJ (2000) Functional coupling between neurons and glia. J Neurosci 20:4091–4098
Ambrosi C, Ren C, Spagnol G, Cavin G, Cone A, Grintsevich EE, Sosinsky GE, Sorgen PL (2016) Connexin43 forms supramolecular complexes through non-overlapping binding sites fro drebrin, tubulin, and ZO-1. PLoS One 11(6):e0157073. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157073
Aoki C, Sekino Y, Hanamura K, Fujisawa S, Mahadomrongkul V, Ren Y, Shirao T (2005) Drebrin a is a postsynaptic protein that localizes in vivo to the submembranous surface of dendritic sites forming excitatory synapses. J Comp Neurol 483(4):383–402
Aoki C, Kojima N, Sabaliauskas N, Shah L, Ahmed TH, Oakford J, Ahmed T, Yamazaki H, Hanamura K, Shirao T (2009) Drebrin a knockout eliminates the rapid form of homeostatic synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses of intact adult cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 517:105–121
Arai H, Sato K, Uto A, Yasumoto Y (1991) Effect of transient cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils on synaptic vesicle protein (SVP-38) and developmentally regulated brain protein (drebrin). Neurosci Res Commun 9:143–150
Arumugam H, Liu X, Colombo PJ, Corriveau RA, Belousov AB (2005) NMDA receptors regulate developmental gap junction uncoupling via CREB signaling. Nat Neurosci 8:1720–1726
Asada H, Uyemura K, Shirao T (1994) Actin-binding protein, drebrin, accumulates in submembranous regions in parallel with neuronal differentiation. J Neurosci Res 38(2):149–159
Bani-Yaghoub M et al (1999) Gap junction blockage interferes with neuronal and astroglial differentiation of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Dev Genet 24:69–81
Belliveau DJ et al (1997) Differential expression of gap junctions in neurons and astrocytes derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Dev Genet 21:187–200
Belliveau DJ et al (2006) Enhanced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells mediated by connexin hemichannels and ATP. J Biol Chem 281:20920–20931
Bennett MVL, Zukin RS (2004) Electrical coupling and neuronal synchronization in the mammalian brain. Neuron 41(4):495–511
Benninger RK, Zhang M, Head WS, Satin LS, Piston DW (2008) Gap junction coupling and calcium waves in the pancreatic islet. Biophys J 95:5048–5061
Berridge MJ (2010) Calcium signalling remodelling and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 40:297–309
Berridge MJ (2012) Neural calcium signalling. Neuron 21:13–26
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD (2000) The versatility and universality of calcium signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1(1):11–21
Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, Vitale L, Pelleri MC, Tassani S, Piva F, Perez-Amodio S, Strippoli P, Canaider S (2013) An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol 40(6):463–471. doi:10.3109/03014460.2013.807878
Bosch M, Kielian T (2014) Hemichannels in neurodegenerative diseases: is there a link to pathology? Front Cell Neurosci 8:242. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00242
Butkevich E, Hülsmann S, Wenzel D, Shirao T, Duden R, Majoul I (2004) Drebrin is a novel connexin-43 binding partner that links gap junctions to the submembrane cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 14:650–658
Butkevich E, Bodensiek K, Fakhri N, von Roden K, Schaap IA, Majoul I, Schmidt CF, Klopfenstein DR (2015) Drebrin-like protein DBN-1 is a sarcomere component that stabilizes actin filaments during muscle contraction. Nat Commun 6:7523. doi:10.1038/ncomms8523
Chen Y et al (2001) Astrocytes protect neurons from nitric oxide toxicity by a glutathione-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem 77:1601–1610
Chimura T, Launey T, Yoshida N (2015) Calpain-mediated degradation of Drebrin by Excitotoxicity In vitro and In vivo. PLoS One 10(4):e0125119. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125119
Dell’Acqua ML, Smith KE, Gorski JA, Horne EA, Gibson ES, Gomez LL (2006) Regulation of neuronal PKA signaling through AKAP targeting dynamics. Eur J Cell Biol 85(7):627–633
Derangeon M, Bourmeyster N, Plaisance I, Pinet-Charvet C, Chen Q, Duthe F, Popoff MR, Sarrouilhe D, Hervé JC (2008) RhoA GTPase and F-actin dynamically regulate the permeability of Cx43-made channels in rat cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 283:30754–30765
Duffy HS, Delmar M, Spray DC (2002) Formation of the gap junction nexus: binding partners for connexins. J Physiol Paris 96:243–249. doi:10.1016/S0928-4257(02)00012-8
Elias LA, Wang DD, Kriegstein AR (2007) Gap junction adhesion is necessary for radial migration in the neocortex. Nature 448(7156):901–907. Epub 2007/08/24. nature06063
Etienne-Manneville S, Hall A (2002) Rho GTPases in cell biology. Nature 420:629–635
Farahani R, Pina-Benabou MH, Kyrozis A, Siddiq A, Barradas PC, Chiu FC, Cavalcante LA, Lai JCK, Stanton PK, Rozental R (2005) Alterations in metabolism and gap junction expression may determine the role of astrocytes as “good samaritans” or executioners. Glia 50:351–361. doi:10.1002/glia.20213
Fauchereau F et al (2003) The RhoGAP activity of OPHN1, a new F-actin-binding protein is negatively controlled by its amino-terminal domain. Mol Cell Neurosci 23:574–586
Genoud C, Houades V, Kraftsik R, Welker E, Giaume C (2015) Proximity of excitatory synapses and astroglial gap junctions in layer IV of the mouse barrel cortex. Neuroscience 291:241–249. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.051
Giepmans BNG, Moolenaar WH (1998) The gap junction protein connexin43 interacts with the second PDZ domain of the zona occludens-1 protein. Curr Biol 8(16):931–934
Giepmans BNG, Verlaan I, Hengeveld T, Janssen H, Calafat C, Falk MM, Moolenaar WH (2001) Gap junction protein connexin-43 interacts directly with microtubules. Curr Biol 11:1364–1368
Goodenough DA, Goliger JA, Paul DL (1996) Connexins, connexons, and intercellular communication. Annu Rev Biochem 65:475–502
Grinstevich EE, Reisler E (2014) Drebrin inhibits cofilin-induced severing of F-actin. Cytoskeleton 71:472–483
Grintsevich EE, Galkin VE, Orlova A, Ytterberg AJ, Mikati MM, Kudryashov DS, Loo JA, Egelman EH, Reisler E (2010) Mapping of drebrin binding site on F-actin. J Mol Biol 398:542–554
Guthrie SC, Gilula NB (1989) Gap junctional communication and development. Trends Neurosci 12:12–16
Hall A (1998) Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279:509–514
Harigaya Y, Shoji M, Shirao T, Hirai S (1996) Disappearance of actin-binding protein, drebrin, from hippocampal synapses in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 43(1):87–92
Hayashi K, Ishikawa R, Kawai-Hirai R, Takagi T, Taketomi A, Shirao T (1999) Domain analysis of the actin-binding and actin-remodeling activities of drebrin. Exp Cell Res 253:673–680
Herculano-Houzel S (2009) The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain. Front Hum Neurosci 3:31. doi:org/10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009
Hogan PG, Rao A (2007) Dissecting ICRAC, a store-operated calcium current. Trends Biochem Sci 32:235–245
Ikeda K, Shirao T, Toda M, Asada H, Toya S, Uyemura K (1995) Effect of a neuron-specific actin-binding protein, drebrin a, on cell-substratum adhesion. Neurosci Lett 194(3):197–200
Ikeda K, Kaub PA, Asada H, Uyemura K, Toya S, Shirao T (1996) Stabilization of adhesion plaques by the expression of drebrin a in fibroblasts. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 91(2):227–236
Ishikawa R, Hayashi K, Shirao T, Xue Y, Takagi T, Sasaki Y, Kohama K (1994) Drebrin, a development-associated brain protein from rat embryo, causes the dissociation of tropomyosin from actin filaments. J Biol Chem 269:29928–29933
Jeanson T, Pondaven A, Ezan P, Mouthon F, Charvériat M, Giaume C (2016) Antidepressants impact Connexin 43 channel functions in astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 9:495. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00495. eCollection
Jego P, Pacheco-Torres J, Araque A, Canals S (2014) Functional MRI in mice lacking IP3-dependent calcium signaling in astrocytes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 34(10):1599–1603
Jin MS, Tanaka Y, Sekino Y, Ren H, Yamazaki R, Kawai-Hirai N, Kojima ST (2002) A novel, brain-specific mouse drebrin: cDNA cloning, chromosomal mapping, genomic structure, expression, and functional characterization. Genomics 79:686–692
Keon BH, Jedrzejewski PT, Paul DL, Goodenough DA (2000) Isoform specific expression of the neuronal F-actin binding protein, drebrin, in specialized cells of stomach and kidney epithelia. J Cell Sci 113(2):325–326
Kins S, Betz H, Kirsch J (2000) Collybistin, a newly identified brain-specific GEF, induces submembrane clustering of gephyrin. Nat Neurosci 3(1):22–29
Kneussel M, Brandstatter JH, Gasnier B, Feng G, Sanes JR, Betz H (2001) Gephyrin-independent clustering of postsynaptic GABAA receptor subtypes. Mol Cell Neurosci 17:973–982
Kojima N, Yasuda H, Hanamura K, Ishizuka Y, Sekino Y, Shirao T (2016) Drebrin a regulates hippocampal LTP and hippocampus-dependent fear learning in adult mice. Neuroscience 324:218–226
Lan Z, Kurata WE, Martyn KD, Jin C, Lau AF (2005) Novel rab GAP-like protein, CIP85, interacts with connexin43 and induces its degradation. Biochemistry 44:2385–2396
Majoul I, Sohn K, Wieland FT, Pepperkok R, Pizza M, Hillemann J, Söling HD (1998) KDEL receptor (Erd2p)-mediated retrograde transport of the cholera toxin a subunit from the Golgi involves COPI, p23, and the COOH terminus of Erd2p. J Cell Biol 143:601–612
Majoul I, Shirao T, Sekino Y, Duden R (2007) Many faces of drebrin: from building dendritic spines and stabilizing gap junctions to shaping neurite-like cell processes. Histochem Cell Biol 127:355–361
Majoul IV, Onichtchouk D, Butkevich E, Wenzel D, Chailakhyan LM, Duden R (2009) Limiting transport steps and novel interactions of Connexin-43 along the secretory pathway. Histochem Cell Biol 132(3):263–280
Majoul IV, Gao L, Betzig E, Onichtchouk D, Butkevich E, Kozlov Y, Bukauskas F, Bennett MLV, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Duden R (2013) Fast structural responses of gap junction membrane domains to AB5 toxins. PNAS 110:E4125–E4133. doi:10.1073/pnas.1315850110
Malchiodi-Albedi F, Paradisi S, Di Nottia M, Simone D, Travaglione S, Falzano L, Fiorentini C (2012) CNF1 improves Astrocytic ability to support neuronal growth and differentiation in vitro. PLoS One 7(4):e34115. doi:org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034115
Marin O, Valiente M, Ge X, Tsai LH (2010) Guiding neuronal cell migrations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2:a001834
Matsuzaki M, Honkura N, Ellis-Davies GC, Kasai H (2004) Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines. Nature 429:761–766
Medvedev N, Popov V, Henneberger C, Kraev I, Rusakov DA, Stewart MG (2014) Glia selectively approach synapses on thin dendritic spines. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 369(1654):20140047. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0047
Mercer JC, Qi Q, Mottram LF, Law M, Bruce D, Iyer A, Shirao T, August A (2010) Chemico-genetic identification of Drebrin as a regulator of calcium responses. Intl J Biochem & Cell Biol 42(2):337–345. doi:doi. org/10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.019
Mizui T, Takahashi H, Sekino Y, Shirao T (2005) Overexpression of drebrin a in immature neurons induces the accumulation of F-actin and PSD-95 into dendritic filopodia, and the formation of large abnormal protrusions. Mol Cell Neurosci 30:149–157
Mizui T, Kojima N, Yamazaki H, Katayama M, Hanamura K, Shirao T (2009) Drebrin E is involved in the regulation of axonal growth through actin-myosin interactions. J Neurochem 109:611–622
Mizui T, Sekino Y, Yamazaki1 YIH, Takahashi H, Kojima N, Kojima M, Shirao T (2014) Myosin II ATPase activity mediates the long-term potentiation-induced exodus of stable F-actin bound by drebrin a from dendritic spines. PLoS One 9(1):e85367
Moore AR, Zhou WL, Sirois CL, Belinsky GS, Zecevic N, Antic SD (2014) Connexin hemichannels contribute to spontaneous electrical activity in the human fetal cortex. PNAS 111(37):E3919–E3928
Orellana JA, von Bernhardi R, Giaume C, Sáez JC (2012) Glial hemichannels and their involvement in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 23:163–177. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2011-0065.
Orellana JA, Martinez AD, Retamal MA (2013) Gap junction channels and hemichannels in the CNS: regulation by signaling molecules. Neuropharmacology 75:567
Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJG (1988) Total number of neurons and glial cells in human brain nuclei estimated by the disector and the fractionator. J Microsc 150:1–20
Peitsch WK, Grund C, Kuhn C (1999) Drebrin is a widespread actin-associating protein enriched at junctional plaques, defining a specific microfilament anchorage system in polar epithelial cells. Eur J Cell Biol 78:767–778
Peitsch WK, Hofmann I, Prätzel S et al (2001) Drebrin particles: components in the ensemble of proteins regulating actin dynamics of lamellipodia and filopodia. Eur J Cell Biol 80:567–579
Penzes P, Beeser A, Chernoff J, Schiller MR, Eipper BA, Mains RE, Huganir RL (2003) Rapid induction of dendritic spine morphogenesis by trans-synaptic ephrinB-EphB receptor activation of the rho-GEF kalirin. Neuron 37:263–274
Perea G, Sur M, Araque A (2014) Neuron-glia networks: integral gear of brain function. Front Cell Neurosci 8:378
Pannasch U et al (2014) Connexin 30 sets synaptic strength by controlling astroglial synapse invasion. Nat Neurosci 17:549–558
Rao KV et al (2005) Astrocytes protect neurons from ammonia toxicity. Neurochem Res 30:1311–1318
Rebecchi RMJ, Pentyala SN (2000) Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Physiol Rev 80:1291–1335
Ridley A (2000) Rho. In: Hall A (ed) GTPases, vol 24. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 89–136
Robel S, Sontheimer H (2016) Glia as drivers of abnormal neuronal activity. Nat Neurosci 19:28–33. doi:10.1038/nn.4184
Sabatini BL, Maravall M, Svoboda K (2001) Ca(2+) signaling in dendritic spines. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:349–356
Schmidt G, Sehr P, Wilm M, Selzer J, Mann M, Aktories K (1997) Gln63 of rho is deamidated by Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1. Nature 387:725–729
Schaar BT, McConnell SK (2005) Cytoskeletal coordination during neuronal migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(38):13652–13657
Sekino Y, Tanaka S, Hanamura K, Yamazaki H, Sasagawa Y, Xue Y, Hayashi K, Shirao T (2006) Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor induces a shift of drebrin distribution: disappearance from dendritic spines and appearance in dendritic shafts. Mol Cell Neurosci 31:493–504
Shim KS, Lubec G (2002) Drebrin, a dendritic spine protein, is manifold decreased in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and down syndrome. Neurosci Lett 324:209–212
Shirao T, Obata K (1985) Two acidic proteins associated with brain development in chick embryo. J Neurochem 44:1210–1216
Shirao T, Obata K (1986) Immunochemical homology of 3 developmentally regulated brain proteins and their developmental change in neuronal distribution. Brain Res 394:233–244
Shirao T, Sekino Y (2001) Clustering and anchoring mechanisms of molecular constituents of postsynaptic scaffolds in dendritic spines. Neurosci Res 40:1–7
Shirao T, Kojima N, Kato Y, Obata K (1988) Molecular cloning of a cDNA for the developmentally regulated brain protein, drebrin. Brain Res 464:71–74
Shirao T, Kojima N, Nabeta Y, Obata K (1989) Two forms of drebrins, developmentally regulated brain proteins in rat. Proc Japan Acad 65:169–172
Shirao T, Kojima N, Obata K (1992) Cloning of drebrin a and induction of neurite-like processes in drebrin-transfected cells. Neuroreport 3:109–112
Shirao T, Hayashi K, Ishikawa R, Isa K, Asada H, Ikeda K, Uyemura K (1994) Formation of thick, curving bundles of actin by drebrin a expressed in fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 215:145–153
Sonego M, Oberoi M, Stoddart J, Gajendra S, Hendricusdottir R, Oozeer F, Lalli G (2015) Drebrin regulates neuroblast migration in the postnatal mammalian brain. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0126478. doi:doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126478
Song M, Kojima N, Hanamura K, Sekino Y, Inoue HK, Mikuni M et al (2008) Expression of drebrin E in migrating neuroblasts in adult rat brain: coincidence between drebrin E disappearance from cell body and cessation of migration. Neuroscience 152(3):670–682. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.068
Stevens B, Allen N, Vazquez LE, Howell GR, Christopherson KS, Nouri N, et al (2007) The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination. Cell 131 (6):1164–1178
Stout C, Goodenough D, Paul D (2004) Connexins: functions without junctions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:507–512
Suh HN, Kim MO, Han HJ (2012) Laminin-111 stimulates proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells through a reduction of gap Junctional intercellular communication via RhoA-mediated Cx43 phosphorylation and dissociation of Cx43/ZO-1/Drebrin complex. Stem Cells Dev 21(11):2058–2070
Swanson RA et al (2004) Astrocyte influences on ischemic neuronal death. Curr Mol Med 4:193–205
Takahashi H, Sekino S, Tanaka S, Mizui T, Kishi S, Shirao T (2003) Drebrin-dependent actin clustering in dendritic filopodia governs synaptic targeting of postsynaptic density-95 and dendritic spine morphogenesis. J Neurosci 23:6586–6595
Takahashi H, Mizui T, Shirao T (2006) Down-regulation of drebrin a expression suppresses synaptic targeting of NMDA receptors in developing hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 97:110–115
Toda M, Shirao T, Uyemura K (1999) Suppression of an actin-binding protein, drebrin, by antisense transfection attenuates neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma B104 cells. Dev Brain Res 114(2):193–200
Toyofuku T, Yabuki M, Otsu M, Kuzuya K, Hori M, Tada M (1998) Direct association of the gap junction protein connexin-43 with ZO+-1 in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 273(21):12725–12731
Toyofuku T, Akamatsu Y, Zhang H, Kuzuya T, Tada M, Hori M (2001) C-Src regulates the interaction between connexin-43 and ZO-1 in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 276(3):1780–1788
Uehata M, Ishizaki T, Satoh H, Ono T, Kawahara T, Morishita T, Tamakawa H, Yamagami K, Inui J, Maekawa M, Narumiya S (1997) Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension. Nature 389:990–994
Ullian EM, Sapperstein SK, Christopherson, Barres BA (2001) Control of Synapse Number by Glia. Science 291(5504):657–661
Vargas MR et al (2008) Nrf2 activation in astrocytes protects against neurodegeneration in mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 28:13574–13581
Walter P, Ron D (2011) The unfolded protein response: from stress pathway to homeostatic regulation. Science 334(6059):1081–1086
Zador Z et al (2009) Role of aquaporin-4 in cerebral edema and stroke. Handb Exp Pharmacol 190:159–170
Zhang Q, Harris AL, Abagyan R, Yeager M (2016) An electrostatic mechanism for Ca2+-mediated regulation of gap junction channels. Nat Commun 7:8770. doi:10.1038/ncomms9770
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Michael Berridge for inspiration and novel insights into Ca2+- dependent regulation mechanisms, and to Daniel K. Hartline and James Pawley for critical reading of our MS. We wish to apologize that we could not cite many important original articles due to space limitations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Japan KK
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Majoul, I.V., Ernesti, J.S., Butkevich, E.V., Duden, R. (2017). Drebrins and Connexins: A Biomedical Perspective. In: Shirao, T., Sekino, Y. (eds) Drebrin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1006. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56550-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56550-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56548-2
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56550-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)