Abstract
The mammalian brain is remarkably complex in function as well as morphology, and therefore understanding the original evolutionary function and primitive principles of brain function is an important and classical challenge. The planarian is an emerging new model of the nervous system as well as regenerative biology because it belongs to an evolutionarily early group possessing a central nervous system (CNS), including a brain with simple architecture. Recently, it has been revealed that the planarian brain is divided into several functional and structural domains as defined by the discrete expression of homeobox genes and a surprisingly complex set of genes, and is composed of several types of neurons distinguished by their neurotransmitters and neural modulators, which are conserved with those used by vertebrates. Furthermore, the planarian brain functions as an information-processing center to produce distinct behavioral traits in response to a variety of signals arising from the external environment. This chapter summarizes recent insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate planarian brain formation and function. The relative simplicity of the planarian brain, combined with its molecular accessibility, planarian complex behavioral traits, and advances in planarian stem cell biology associated with the planarian extraordinary regenerative capacity, provide a unique opportunity to unravel molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying fundamental brain function and brain evolution.
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Acknowledgments
I thank Dr. Kiyokazu Agata, Dr. Yoshihiko Umesono, Dr. Kaneyasu Nishimura, Mr. Taiga Yamashita, Mr. Hajime Hoshino, Mr. Yoshitaro Akiyama, Dr. Seira Shimoyama and Dr. Norito Shibata for collaboration in the planarian brain project, and Elizabeth Nakajima for critical reading of the manuscript.
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Inoue, T. (2017). Functional Specification of a Primitive Bilaterian Brain in Planarians. In: Shigeno, S., Murakami, Y., Nomura, T. (eds) Brain Evolution by Design. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_4
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