Abstract
Rural and urban landscape components have traditionally maintained a clear separation in the morphology of European cities. In contrast, the historical landscape of Edo Japan consists of mixed rural and urban land uses, due in part to a period of relative peace that rendered contained and fortified cities redundant. Despite European and Japanese cities having very different historical drivers of their resultant urban forms, modern landscape planning discourses in both regions have shifted toward a common aim for a clear rural–urban separation. However, prevailing socioeconomic factors (associated mainly with farmers’ rights) that have sustained the mixed urban–rural pattern of Japanese landscapes resulted in a partial uptake of the modern landscape planning morphology. Instead of labeling the resultant “chaotic” urban–rural mix characteristic of modern Japanese landscapes as a “failure,” one could instead draw lessons for a better future. The initial motivator for separating the rural from the urban landscape in modern landscape planning was to limit chaotic urban expansion. However, there has been increasing recognition that cities of today have to be resilient to new challenges, such as the increased instances of extreme events. This chapter makes the case that a city with an integrated rural–urban landscape is ideal for increasing urban resilience to natural disasters. The historical Japanese landscape could, ironically, function as an urban-planning model that ensures the functional connectivity needed for food security and simultaneously ensures the provision of adequate, accessible green spaces.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Antrop, M. (2004). Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning, 67, 9–26.
Aon Benfield. (2011). 2011 Thailand floods event recap report: Impact Forecasting – March 2012. Accessed online at: http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20120314_impact_forecasting_thailand_flood_event_recap.pdf. Accessed 6 Aug 2015.
Brand, F. S., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: Resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society 12(1), 23. Available at: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art23/. Accessed 12 Jan 2014.
Burton, P., Lyons, K., Richards, C., Amati, M., Rose, N., Des Fours, L., Pires, V., & Barclay, R. (2013). Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change. Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.
Costanza, R., Kemp, M., & Boynton, W. (1995). Scale and biodiversity in estuarine ecosystems. In C. Perrings, K. G. Mäler, C. Folke, C. S. Holling, & B. O. Jansson (Eds.), Biodiversity loss: Economic and ecological issues (pp. 84–125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Council of Europe. (2000). European landscape convention. Florence.
Daily, G. (1997). Nature’s services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Deelstra, T., & Girardet, H. (Undated). Urban agriculture and sustainable cities. Thematic Paper 2. Portland State University. Accessed online at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.168.4991&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Accessed 7 Aug 2015.
Fujii, M., Yokohari, M., & Watanabe, T. (2002). Identification of the distribution pattern of farmlands in Edo (in Japanese with English abstract). City Planning Review Special Issue, 37, 931–936.
Fukutake, T. (1967). Japanese rural society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Gordon, A. (2003). A modern history of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the present. New York: Oxford University Press.
Guth, C. (1996). Art of Edo Japan: The artist and the city, 1615–1868. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
Hanayami, Y. (1988). Japanese agriculture under siege. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Hodgson, K., Campbell, M. C., & Bailkey, M. (2011). Urban agriculture: Growing healthy, sustainable places. Washington, DC: American Planning Association.
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
Horley, R. (1998). The best kept secrets of Parma, “The Garden City”. Parma: Parma Historical Society.
Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow (2nd ed.). London: S. Sonnenschein & Co.
Ishida, Y. (Ed.). (1992). Incomplete city plan of Tokyo (in Japanese). Tokyo: Chikuma-shobo.
King, F. H., & Bruce, J. P. (1911). Farmers of forty centuries. Madison: Mrs. F.H. King. Accessed online at https://archive.org/details/cu31924073872685. Accessed 5 Aug 2015.
Lin, B. B., Philpott, S. M., & Ha, S. (2015). The future of urban agriculture and biodiversity-ecosystem services: Challenges and next steps. Basic and Applied Ecology, 16, 189–201.
Mori, H. (1998). Land conversion at the urban fringe: A comparative study of Japan, Britain and the Netherlands. Urban Studies, 35, 1541–1558.
Munich Reinsurance. (2015). Topics Geo: Natural catastrophes 2014. Accessed online at, https://www.munichre.com/us/property-casualty/publications-expertise/topics-publications/topics-geo-nat-cat-2014/index.html. Accessed 5 Aug 2015.
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. Republic of Philippines. (2014). Updates re the effects of typhoon “Yolanda” (Haiyan). Accessed online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091212/http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1177/Update%20Effects%20TY%20YOLANDA%2017%20April%202014.pdf. Accessed 6 Aug 2015.
Pacione, M. (2001). Models of urban land use structure in cities in the developed world. Geography, 86, 97–119.
Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: A history of violence and humanity. London: Peuguin Group.
Satterthwaite, D. (1997). Sustainable cities or cities that contribute to sustainable development? Urban Studies, 34(10), 1667–1691.
Smit, J., Nasr, J., & Ratta, A. (1996). Urban agriculture: Food jobs and sustainable cities. New York: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Sorensen, A. (1999). Land readjustment, urban planning and urban sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Urban Studies, 36(13), 2333–2360.
Spirn, A. W. (1984). The granite garden. Boston: Basic.
Tokyo, J. A. (1992). Vegetables and flowers from Edo and Tokyo (Edo Tokyo Yukari no Yasai to Hana). Tokyo Chuo: Japan Agricultural Cooperatives.
Watanabe, Z. (1983). Between cities and the country (Toshi to Nouson no Aida). Tokyo: Ronso-sha (in Japanese).
Yokohari, M., & Amati, M. (2005). Nature in the city, city in the nature: Case studies of the restoration of urban nature in Tokyo, Japan and Toronto, Canada. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 1, 53–59.
Yokohari, M., Brown, R. D., Kato, Y., & Moriyama, H. (1997). Effects of paddy fields on summer air and surface temperature in urban fringe areas of Japan. Landscape and Urban Planning, 38(1/2), 1–11.
Yokohari, M., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, T., & Yokota, S. (2000). Beyond greenbelts and zoning: A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47(3–4), 159–171.
Yokohari, M., Amati, M., Bolthouse, J., & Kurita, H. (2010). Restoring agricultural landscapes in shrinking cities: Re-inventing traditional concepts in Japanese landscape planning. In J. Primdahl & S. Swaffield (Eds.), Globalisation and agricultural landscapes: Change patterns and policy trends in developed countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Japan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yokohari, M., Khew, Y.T.J. (2017). Landscape Planning for Resilient Cities in Asia: Lessons from Integrated Rural–Urban Land Use in Japan. In: Yokohari, M., Murakami, A., Hara, Y., Tsuchiya, K. (eds) Sustainable Landscape Planning in Selected Urban Regions. Science for Sustainable Societies. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56445-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56445-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56443-0
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56445-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)