Abstract
New Zealand is one of the first countries that introduced an integrated, sustainable management-based approach to risk management. In this environment risks from natural hazards, as well as technological risks, are managed as an integral part of land use and development planning at a local government level, in an all-hazard, consequence-based, integrated policy and planning framework. The approach requires horizontal and vertical integration across all levels of government and stakeholders. It also requires deliberative decision-making, conducted in an open and pluralistic manner, recognizing that risk appraisal involves knowledge other than technical rationality only. After over 20 years of practice, complexities of the approach had led to calls for improvements, when a series of earthquakes struck the Canterbury region in the New Zealand’s South Island. The scale of the disaster prompted the central government to introduce sweeping legislative and governance changes affecting land use planning in the impacted areas. Requirements for quick recovery revealed a tension between central government obligations and the perceived need for coercion in policy making on the one hand and local capacity building and deliberation of land use planning decisions on the other. Whereas it is still early to say how successful urban and land use planning decisions will be in the long term, there are strong indications that large-scale disasters challenge decentralized planning environments, reflecting strongly on land use decisions during the early recovery period. This chapter analyzes land use changes introduced in the first 4 years of the Canterbury recovery and concludes that a better understanding of impacts a large-scale disaster might have on decentralized, integrated, and deliberative land use planning for risk reduction is necessary. This is particularly relevant bearing in mind the potential time pressures that characterize early recovery and the importance of empowerment of affected communities and deliberation of decisions.
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Notes
- 1.
Orders in Council are a mechanism which permits government ministers to make changes to any law without going through the legislative parliamentary body.
- 2.
Ngai Tahu—the iwi or Maori tribe for the most of the South Island and Stewart Island represented by the Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu.
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Acknowledgments
This chapter was written while the author was a visiting professor at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University. The author is indebted for the opportunity and time Kyoto University provided.
Karen Banwell from Canterbury University, formerly a strategic urban planner at Christchurch City Council, has contributed invaluable comments and suggestions. The paper is so much better for her input.
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Mamula-Seadon, L. (2017). Integrated Land Use Planning in New Zealand and Canterbury Earthquakes. In: Banba, M., Shaw, R. (eds) Land Use Management in Disaster Risk Reduction. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56442-3_7
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