Abstract
Within the framework of linear elasticity, the principal of superposition holds and the elastic wave velocity is independent of the stress acting in the solids. But, this is an approximation after all and solid materials exhibit nonlinear responses; the velocities vary in proportion to stress although in very small magnitude in general. This phenomenon, called acoustoelasticity, originates from the anharmonic interatomic potential. This chapter provides the theoretical background of acoustoelasticity and a number of measurement result with EMATs on applied and residual stresses of industrial importance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alers, G., & Manzanares, A. (1990). Use of surface skimming SH waves to measure thermal and residual stresses in installed railroad tracks. In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (Vol. 9, pp. 1757–1764).
Auld, A. B. (1973). Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids. New York: Wiley.
Brugger, K. (1964). Thermodynamic definition of higher order elastic coefficients. Physical Review, 133, A1611–A1612.
Crecraft, D. I. (1967). The measurement of applied and residual stresses in metals using ultrasonic waves. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 5, 173–192.
Eringen, A. C., & Şuhubi, E. S. (1975). Elastodynamics. New York: Academic Press.
Fortunko, C. M., Petersen, G. L., Chick, B. B., Renken, M. C., & Preis, A. L. (1992). Absolute measurement of elastic-wave phase and group velocities in lossy materials. Review of Scientific Instruments, 63, 3477–3486.
Green, R. E., Jr. (1973). Ultrasonic Investigation of Mechanical Properties. New York: Academic Press.
Heyman, J. S. (1977). A CW ultrasonic bolt-strain monitor. Experimental Mechanics, 17, 183–187.
Hirao, M., Ogi, H., & Fukuoka, H. (1993). Resonance EMAT system for acoustoelastic stress evaluation in sheet metals. Review of Scientific Instruments, 64, 3198–3205.
Hirao, M., Ogi, H., & Fukuoka, H. (1994). Advanced ultrasonic method for measuring rail axial stresses with electromagnetic acoustic transducer. Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 5, 211–223.
Hirao, M., Ogi, H., & Yasui, H. (2001). Contactless measurement of bolt axial stress using a shear-wave EMAT. NDT and E International, 34, 179–183.
Howland, R. C. J. (1930). On the stresses in the neighborhood of a circular hole in a strip under tension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A, 229, 49–86.
Hsu, N. N. (1974). Acoustical birefringence and the use of ultrasonic waves for experimental stress analysis. Experimental Mechanics, 14, 169–176.
Hughes, D. S., & Kelly, J. L. (1953). Second-order elastic deformation of solids. Physical Review, 92, 1145–1149.
Iwashimizu, Y., & Kubomura, K. (1973). Stress-induced rotation of polarization directions of elastic waves in slightly anisotropic materials. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 9, 99–114.
Johnson, G. C. (1982). Acoustoelastic response of polycrystalline aggregates exhibiting transverse isotropy. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 3, 1–8.
King, R. B., & Fortunko, C. M. (1983). Determination of in-plane residual stress states in plates using horizontally polarized shear waves. Journal of Applied Physics, 54, 3027–3035.
Landau, L. D., & Lifshitz, E. M. (1956). Theory of Elasticity. Oxford: Pergamon.
Murnaghan, F. D. (1951). Finite Deformation of an Elastic Solid. New York: Dover.
Musgrave, M. J. P. (1970). Crystal Acoustics. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
Ogi, H., & Hirao, M. (1996). Noncontacting measurement of residual stresses in weldments by electromagnetic acoustic resonance. Journal of the Japan Society of Nondestructive Inspection, 45, 875–878 (in Japanese).
Ogi, H., & Hirao, M. (1998). Electromagnetic acoustic spectroscopy in the bolt head for evaluating the axial stress. In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials (Vol. 8, pp. 671–676).
Ogi, H., Hirao, M., & Fukuoka, H, (1996a), Ultrasonic measurement of bending stress in electric resistance welded pipe by electromagnetic acoustic resonance. In Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (14th WCNDT) (pp. 875–878).
Ogi, H., Hirao, M., & Fukuoka, H. (1996b), Noncontacting ultrasonic measurement of bolt axial stress with electromagnetic acoustic transducer. In Proceedings of the 1st US-Japan Symposium on Advances in NDT (pp. 37–42).
Okada, K. (1980). Stress-acoustic relations for stress measurement by ultrasonic technique. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E), 1, 193–200.
Pao, Y. -H., Sachse, W., & Fukuoka, H. (1984). Acoustoelasticity and ultrasonic measurements of residual stresses. In Physical Acoustics (Vol. 17, pp. 61–143). New York: Academic Press.
Schramm, R. E., Clark, A. V., McGuire, T. J., Filla, B. J., Mitraković, D. V., & Purtscher, P. T. (1993). Noncontact ultrasonic inspection of train rails for stress. In Rail Quality and Maintenance for Modern Railway Operation (pp. 99–108). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Thompson, R. B., Lee, S. S., & Smith, J. F. (1984). Microstructure independent acoustoelastic measurement of stress. Applied Physics Letters, 44, 296–298.
Thurston, R. N. (1964). Wave propagation in fluids and normal solids. In Physical Acoustics (Vol. 1A, pp. 1–110). New York: Academic Press.
Thurston, R. N. (1974). Waves in solids. In Encyclopedia of Physics (Vol. VIa/4, pp. 109–308). Berlin: Springer.
Toupin, R. A., & Bernstein, B. (1961). Sound waves in deformed perfectly elastic materials, acoustoelastic effect. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 33, 216–225.
Urashima, C., Sugino, K., & Nishida, S., (1992). Generation mechanism of residual stress in rails. In Residual Stress-III Science and Technology (pp. 1489–1494). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Japan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hirao, M., Ogi, H. (2017). Acoustoelastic Stress Measurements. In: Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers. Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56036-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56036-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56034-0
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56036-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)