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A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Hunter-Gatherer Social Learning

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Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers

Part of the book series: Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series ((RNMH))

Abstract

Social learning among hunter-gatherers has been widely discussed in the literature and authors often draw on ethnographic cases to support theoretical models. In this study we report on the cross-cultural occurrence of various modes and processes of social learning in distinct cultural domains from the ethnographic record. To our knowledge this is the first systematic, cross-cultural study of hunter-gatherer social learning. We rely on the sample of hunter-gatherers in the electronic Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF) to generate our source of ethnographic texts. We have coded and analyzed 982 ethnographic texts from 23 diverse societies. Oblique and vertical transmission appear at similar rates. Various forms of teaching are the most common processes of social learning and account for more than half of all coded texts. Vertical and oblique social learning are predominantly characterized by teaching, whereas horizontal social learning is primarily through collaborative learning. Approximations of age reveal a general developmental pattern in which social learning of miscellaneous skills characterizes infancy, subsistence skills dominate early and middle childhood, and the social learning of religious beliefs are most frequent during adolescence. Across development we identify a reduction in the importance of vertical transmission in favor of oblique transmission, for subsistence skills in particular. These results highlight the importance of teaching in the ethnographic record of hunter-gatherer social learning and provide a systematic, cross-cultural, framework for theoretical models to rely on.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Our sample includes the Okiek, San, and Mbuti from Africa; the Ainu, Andaman, Vedda, and Semang from Asia; the Aleut, Chipewyan, Copper Inuit, Innu, Kaska, Ojibwa, Mi’qmak, and Northern Paiute from North America; and the Aranda, Tiwi, Abipón, Sirionó, Warao, Bororo, Ona, and Yaghan from South America.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the careful assessment and suggestions from several reviewers. We wish to sincerely thank Victoria Reyes-García, Akira Takada, Wayne Babchuk, and Brett Wertz for their comments and assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA

    Zachary H. Garfield, Melissa J. Garfield & Barry S. Hewlett

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  1. Zachary H. Garfield
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Correspondence to Zachary H. Garfield .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan

    Hideaki Terashima

  2. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA

    Barry S. Hewlett

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Garfield, Z.H., Garfield, M.J., Hewlett, B.S. (2016). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Hunter-Gatherer Social Learning. In: Terashima, H., Hewlett, B.S. (eds) Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55997-9_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55997-9_2

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