Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Helicobacter pylori Research

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori infection is acquired essentially in childhood and may persist lifelong. The prevalence varies widely in the world according to the socioeconomic status of the populations. It is very low in developed countries, while almost all children become infected in the developing world. While the exact routes of transmission are not fully determined, it appears that a gastro-oral (via vomitus) or oral-oral (via saliva after regurgitation) is the most important, and it occurs essentially, but not exclusively, from person to person inside the families. The pathology observed in children is usually milder compared to that in adults because of downregulation of the host immune response in the youngsters. Among clinical features, peptic ulcer disease may be found as a consequence of H. pylori infection but mostly in adolescents. Recurrent abdominal pain has multiple causes and is not an indication to test noninvasively and treat H. pylori. The other diseases caused by H. pylori are sideropenic anemia, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and growth retardation. Some animal data also point the benefit of H. pylori infection as protector against atopic diseases in the youngest, especially asthma. Diagnostic tests in children are those used in adulthood. However, at age below 6 years, the urea breath test can lead to nonspecific results, and serology may not be sensitive enough. Preference must be given to invasive testing. Treatment should be tailored according to susceptibility testing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albenque M, Tall F, Dabis F, Megraud F (1990) Epidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori transmission from mother to child in Africa. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 78(Suppl 1):P-93

    Google Scholar 

  • Amberbir A, Medhin G, Abegaz WE, Hanlon C, Robinson K, Fogarty A, Britton J, Venn A, Davey G (2014) Exposure to Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood and the risk of allergic disease and atopic sensitization: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 44:563–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Apley J, Naish N (1958) Recurrent abdominal pains: a field survey of 1,000 school children. Arch Dis Child 133:165–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold IC, Dehzad N, Reuter S, Martin H, Becher B, Taube C, Muller A (2011) Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 121:3088–3093

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ashorn M, Rago T, Kokkonen J, Ruuska T, Rautelin H, Karikoski R (2004) Symptomatic response to Helicobacter pylori eradication in children with recurrent abdominal pain: double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 38:646–650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baggett HC, Parkinson AJ, Muth PT, Gold BD, Gessner BD (2006) Endemic iron deficiency associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among school-aged children in Alaska. Pediatrics 117:e396–e404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bamford KB, Bickley J, Collins JS, Johnston BT, Potts S, Boston V, Owen RJ, Sloan JM (1993) Helicobacter pylori: comparison of DNA fingerprints provides evidence for intrafamilial infection. Gut 34:1348–1350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Banatvala N, Mayo K, Megraud F, Jennings R, Deeks JJ, Feldman RA (1993) The cohort effect and Helicobacter pylori. J Infect Dis 168:219–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banatvala N, Kashiwagi S, Abdi Y, Hayashi J, Hardie JM, Feldman RA (1994) H. pylori seroconversion and seroreversion in an Okinawan cohort followed for 10 years. Am J Gastroenterol 89(8):1300 (Abst No. 1362)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastos J, Carreira H, La Vecchia C, Lunet N (2013a) Childcare attendance and Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 22:311–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastos J, Peleteiro B, Pinto H, Marinho A, Guimaraes JT, Ramos E, La Vecchia C, Barros H, Lunet N (2013b) Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of Portuguese adolescents (EpiTeen). Dig Liver Dis 45:290–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazzoli F, Cecchini L, Corvaglia L, Dall’Antonia M, De Giacomo C, Fossi S, Casali LG, Gullini S, Lazzari R, Leggeri G, Lerro P, Valdambrini V, Mandrioli G, Marani M, Martelli P, Miano A, Nicolini G, Oderda G, Pazzi P, Pozzato P, Ricciardiello L, Roda E, Simoni P, Sottili S, Zagari RM (2000) Validation of the 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 95:646–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaser MJ, Chen Y, Reibman J (2008) Does Helicobacter pylori protect against asthma and allergy? Gut 57:561–567

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bontems P, Robert F, Van Gossum A, Cadranel S, Mascart F (2003) Helicobacter pylori modulation of gastric and duodenal mucosal T cell cytokine secretions in children compared with adults. Helicobacter 8:216–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bontems P, Kalach N, Vanderpas J, Iwanczak B, Casswall T, Koletzko S, Oderda G, Martinez-Gomez MJ, Urruzuno P, Kindermann A, Sykora J, Veres G, Roma-Giannikou E, Pehlivanoglu E, Megraud F, Cadranel S (2013) Helicobacter pylori infection in European children with gastro-duodenal ulcers and erosions. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32:1324–1329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bontems P, Aksoy E, Burette A, Segers V, Deprez C, Mascart F, Cadranel S (2014) NF-kappaB activation and severity of gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected children and adults. Helicobacter 19:157–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo LE, Mera R, Reina JC, Pradilla A, Alzate A, Fontham E, Correa P (2003) Impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on growth of children: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 37:614–619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buonavolonta R, Miele E, Russo D, Vecchione R, Staiano A (2011) Helicobacter pylori chronic gastritis in children: to eradicate or not to eradicate? J Pediatr 159:50–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burucoa C, Delchier JC, Courillon-Mallet A, de Korwin JD, Megraud F, Zerbib F, Raymond J, Fauchere JL (2013) Comparative evaluation of 29 commercial Helicobacter pylori serological kits. Helicobacter 18:169–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardenas VM, Prieto-Jimenez CA, Mulla ZD, Rivera JO, Dominguez DC, Graham DY, Ortiz M (2011) Helicobacter pylori eradication and change in markers of iron stores among non-iron-deficient children in El Paso, Texas: an etiologic intervention study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:326–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carreira H, Bastos A, Peleteiro B, Lunet N (2015) Breast-feeding and Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 18(3):500–520

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho MA, Machado NC, Ortolan EV, Rodrigues MA (2012) Upper gastrointestinal histopathological findings in children and adolescents with nonulcer dyspepsia with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55:523–529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chak E, Rutherford GW, Steinmaus C (2009) The role of breast-feeding in the prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 48:430–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Blaser MJ (2008) Helicobacter pylori colonization is inversely associated with childhood asthma. J Infect Dis 198:553–560

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cherian S, Burgner DP, Cook AG, Sanfilippo FM, Forbes DA (2010) Associations between Helicobacter pylori infection, co-morbid infections, gastrointestinal symptoms, and circulating cytokines in African children. Helicobacter 15:88–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi JW (2003) Does Helicobacter pylori infection relate to iron deficiency anaemia in prepubescent children under 12 years of age? Acta Paediatr 92:970–972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • den Hoed CM, Vila AJ, Holster IL, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ, de Jongste JC, Kuipers EJ (2011) Helicobacter pylori and the birth cohort effect: evidence for stabilized colonization rates in childhood. Helicobacter 16:405–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • den Hollander WJ, Holster IL, den Hoed CM, van Deurzen F, van Vuuren AJ, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Perez Perez GI, Blaser MJ, Moll HA, Kuipers EJ (2013) Ethnicity is a strong predictor for Helicobacter pylori infection in young women in a multi-ethnic European city. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28:1705–1711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng ZH, Chu B, Xu YZ, Zhang B, Jiang LR (2012) Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on ghrelin levels in children. World J Gastroenterol 18:5096–5100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dominici P, Bellentani S, Di Biase AR, Saccoccio G, Le Rose A, Masutti F, Viola L, Balli F, Tiribelli C, Grilli R, Fusillo M, Grossi E (1999) Familial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection: population based study. BMJ 319:537–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dore MP, Fanciulli G, Tomasi PA, Realdi G, Delitala G, Graham DY, Malaty HM (2012) Gastrointestinal symptoms and Helicobacter pylori infection in school-age children residing in Porto Torres, Sardinia, Italy. Helicobacter 17:369–373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drumm B, Sherman P, Cutz E, Karmali M (1987) Association of Campylobacter pylori on the gastric mucosa with antral gastritis in children. N Engl J Med 316:1557–1561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egorov AI, Sempertegui F, Estrella B, Egas J, Naumova EN, Griffiths JK (2010) The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on growth velocity in young children from poor urban communities in Ecuador. Int J Infect Dis 14:e788–e791

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elitsur Y, Tolia V, Gilger MA, Reeves-Garcia J, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Opekun AR, El-Zimaity H, Graham DY, Enmei K (2009) Urea breath test in children: the United States prospective, multicenter study. Helicobacter 14:134–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford AC, Forman D, Bailey AG, Goodman KJ, Axon AT, Moayyedi P (2007) Effect of sibling number in the household and birth order on prevalence of Helicobacter pylori: a cross-sectional study. Int J Epidemiol 36:1327–1333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francavilla R, Lionetti E, Castellaneta SP, Magista AM, Boscarelli G, Piscitelli D, Amoruso A, Di Leo A, Miniello VL, Francavilla A, Cavallo L, Ierardi E (2005) Improved efficacy of 10-Day sequential treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 129(5):1414–1419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francois F, Roper J, Joseph N, Pei Z, Chhada A, Shak JR et al (2011) The effect of H. pylori eradication on meal-associated changes in plasma ghrelin and leptin. BMC Gastroenterol 11:37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freire de Melo F, Rocha AM, Rocha GA, Pedroso SH, de Assis Batista S, Fonseca de Castro LP, Carvalho SD, Bittencourt PF, de Oliveira CA, Correa-Oliveira R, Magalhaes Queiroz DM (2012) A regulatory instead of an IL-17 T response predominates in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children. Microbes Infect 14:341–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freire de Melo F, Rocha GA, Rocha AM, Teixeira KN, Pedroso SH, Pereira Junior JB, Fonseca de Castro LP, Cabral MM, Carvalho SD, Bittencourt PF, de Oliveira CA, Queiroz DM (2014) Th1 immune response to H. pylori infection varies according to the age of the patients and influences the gastric inflammatory patterns. Int J Med Microbiol 304:300–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil JH, Seo JW, Cho MS, Ahn JH, Sung HY (2014) Role of Treg and TH17 cells of the gastric mucosa in children with Helicobacter pylori gastritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 58:252–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goncalves MH, Silva CI, Braga-Neto MB, Fialho AB, Fialho AM, Queiroz DM, Braga LL (2013) Helicobacter pylori virulence genes detected by string PCR in children from an urban community in northeastern Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 51:988–989

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman KJ, Correa P (2000) Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings. Lancet 355:358–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman KJ, Correa P, Mera R, Yepez MC, Ceron C, Campo C, Guerrero N, Sierra MS, Bravo LE (2011) Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on growth velocity of school-age Andean children. Epidemiology 22:118–126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gottrand F, Kalach N, Spyckerelle C, Guimber D, Mougenot JF, Tounian P, Lenaerts C, Roquelaure B, Lachaux A, Morali A, Dupont C, Maurage C, Husson MO, Barthelemy P (2001) Omeprazole combined with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with gastritis: a prospective randomized double-blind trial. J Pediatr 139:664–668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guariso G, Meneghel A, Dalla Pozza LV, Romano C, Dall’Oglio L, Lombardi G, Conte S, Calacoci M, Campanozzi A, Nichetti C, Piovan S, Zancan L, Facchin P (2010) Indications to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children with dyspepsia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50:493–499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guarner J, Kalach N, Elitsur Y, Koletzko S (2010) Helicobacter pylori diagnostic tests in children: review of the literature from 1999 to 2009. Eur J Pediatr 169:15–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris PR, Wright SW, Serrano C, Riera F, Duarte I, Torres J, Pena A, Rollan A, Viviani P, Guiraldes E, Schmitz JM, Lorenz RG, Novak L, Smythies LE, Smith PD (2008) Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children is associated with a regulatory T-cell response. Gastroenterology 134:491–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris PR, Serrano CA, Villagran A, Walker MM, Thomson M, Duarte I, Windle HJ, Crabtree JE (2013) Helicobacter pylori-associated hypochlorhydria in children, and development of iron deficiency. J Clin Pathol 66:343–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera PM, Mendez M, Velapatino B, Santivanez L, Balqui J, Finger SA, Sherman J, Zimic M, Cabrera L, Watanabe J, Rodriguez C, Gilman RH, Berg DE (2008) DNA-level diversity and relatedness of Helicobacter pylori strains in shantytown families in Peru and transmission in a developing-country setting. J Clin Microbiol 46:3912–3918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H (2012) Meta-analysis: sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 36:534–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imrie C, Rowland M, Bourke B, Drumm B (2001) Limitations to carbon 13-labeled urea breath testing for Helicobacter pylori in infants. J Pediatr 139:734–737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaganath D, Saito M, Gilman RH, Queiroz DM, Rocha GA, Cama V, Cabrera L, Kelleher D, Windle HJ, Crabtree JE, Checkley W (2014) First detected Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy modifies the association between diarrheal disease and childhood growth in Peru. Helicobacter 19:272–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kindermann A, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Krauss-Etschmann S, Wiebecke B, Koletzko S (2000) Influence of age on 13C-urea breath test results in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 30:85–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koletzko S, Richy F, Bontems P, Crone J, Kalach N, Monteiro ML, Gottrand F, Celinska-Cedro D, Roma-Giannikou E, Orderda G, Kolacek S, Urruzuno P, Martinez-Gomez MJ, Casswall T, Ashorn M, Bodanszky H, Megraud F (2006) Prospective multicentre study on antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains obtained from children living in Europe. Gut 55:1711–1716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koletzko S, Jones NL, Goodman KJ, Gold B, Rowland M, Cadranel S, Chong S, Colletti RB, Casswall T, Elitsur Y, Guarner J, Kalach N, Madrazo A, Megraud F, Oderda G (2011) Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 53:230–243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konno M, Yokota S, Suga T, Takahashi M, Sato K, Fujii N (2008) Predominance of mother-to-child transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting analysis in Japanese families. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:999–1003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leal YA, Flores LL, Garcia-Cortes LB, Cedillo-Rivera R, Torres J (2008) Antibody-based detection tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 3:e3751

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leal YA, Cedillo-Rivera R, Simon JA, Velazquez JR, Flores LL, Torres J (2011a) Utility of stool sample-based tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:718–728

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leal YA, Flores LL, Fuentes-Panana EM, Cedillo-Rivera R, Torres J (2011b) 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 16:327–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leodolter A, Kulig M, Brasch H, Meyer-Sabellek W, Willich SN, Malfertheiner P (2001) A meta-analysis comparing eradication, healing and relapse rates in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric or duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15:1949–1958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Ou Z, Wang F, Guo Y, Zhang R, Zhang J, Li P, Xu W, He Y (2009) Distinctiveness of the cagA genotype in children and adults with peptic symptoms in South China. Helicobacter 14:248–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linz B, Balloux F, Moodley Y, Manica A, Liu H, Roumagnac P, Falush D, Stamer C, Prugnolle F, van der Merwe SW, Yamaoka Y, Graham DY, Perez-Trallero E, Wadstrom T, Suerbaum S, Achtman M (2007) An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori. Nature 445:915–918

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lottspeich C, Schwarzer A, Panthel K, Koletzko S, Russmann H (2007) Evaluation of the novel Helicobacter pylori ClariRes real-time PCR assay for detection and clarithromycin susceptibility testing of H. pylori in stool specimens from symptomatic children. J Clin Microbiol 45:1718–1722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lunet N, Peleteiro B, Bastos J, Correia S, Marinho A, Guimaraes JT, La Vecchia C, Barros H (2014) Child day-care attendance and Helicobacter pylori infection in the Portuguese birth cohort Geracao XXI. Eur J Cancer Prev 23:193–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luzza F, Imeneo M, Maletta M, Paluccio G, Giancotti A, Perticone F, Focan A, Pallone F (1997) Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and hepatitis A in a rural area: evidence against a common mode of transmission. Gut 41:164–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Macarthur C (1999) Helicobacter pylori infection and childhood recurrent abdominal pain: lack of evidence for a cause and effect relationship. Can J Gastroenterol 13:607–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalanabis D, Islam MA, Shaikh S, Chakrabarty M, Kurpad AV, Mukherjee S, Sen B, Khaled MA, Vermund SH (2005) Haematological response to iron supplementation is reduced in children with asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection. Br J Nutr 94:969–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malaty HM, Engstrand L, Pedersen NL, Graham DY (1994) Helicobacter pylori infection: genetic and environmental influences. A study of twins. Ann Intern Med 120:982–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malaty HM, El-Kasabany A, Graham DY, Miller CC, Reddy SG, Srinivasan SR, Yamaoka Y, Berenson GS (2002) Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: a follow-up study from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 359:931–935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gensini GF, Gisbert JP, Graham DY, Rokkas T, El-Omar EM, Kuipers EJ (2012) Management of Helicobacter pylori infection – the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report. Gut 61:646–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall BJ, Warren JR (1984) Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1:1311–1315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayerle J, den Hoed CM, Schurmann C, Stolk L, Homuth G, Peters MJ, Capelle L, Zimmermann K, Rivadeneira F, Gruska S, Volzke H, de Vries AC, Volker U, Teumer A, van Meurs JB, Steinmetz I, Nauck M, Ernst F, Weiss FU, Hofman A, Zenker M, Kroemer HK, Prokisch H, Uitterlinden AG, Lerch MM, Kuipers EJ (2013) Identification of genetic loci associated with Helicobacter pylori serologic status. JAMA 309:1912–1920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Megraud F (2005) Comparison of non-invasive tests to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents: results of a multicenter European study. J Pediatr 146:198–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Megraud F, Brassens-Rabbe MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ (1989) Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. J Clin Microbiol 27:1870–1873

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, Kist M, Lopez-Brea M, Hirschl AM, Andersen LP, Goossens H, Glupczynski Y (2013) Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 62:34–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mera RM, Bravo LE, Goodman KJ, Yepez MC, Correa P (2012) Long-term effects of clearing Helicobacter pylori on growth in school-age children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31:263–266

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miendje Deyi VY, Vanderpas J, Bontems P, Van den Borre C, De Koster E, Cadranel S, Burette A (2011) Marching cohort of Helicobacter pylori infection over two decades (1988–2007): combined effects of secular trend and population migration. Epidemiol Infect 139:572–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell HM, Li YY, Hu PJ, Liu Q, Chen M, Du GG, Wang ZJ, Lee A, Hazell SL (1992) Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in southern China: identification of early childhood as the critical period for acquisition. J Infect Dis 166:149–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro L, Gras N, Vidal R, Cabrita J, Megraud F (2001) Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in human feces by PCR: DNA stability and removal of inhibitors. J Microbiol Methods 45:89–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muhsen K, Barak M, Henig C, Alpert G, Ornoy A, Cohen D (2010) Is the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and anemia age dependent? Helicobacter 15:467–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahar S, Kibria KM, Hossain ME, Sultana J, Sarker SA, Engstrand L, Bardhan PK, Rahman M, Endtz HP (2009) Evidence of intra-familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori by PCR-based RAPD fingerprinting in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28:767–773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neefjes VM, Heijboer H, Tamminga RY (2007) H. pylori infection in childhood chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 92:576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oderda G, Shcherbakov P, Bontems P, Urruzuno P, Romano C, Gottrand F, Gomez MJ, Ravelli A, Gandullia P, Roma E, Cadranel S, De Giacomo C, Canani RB, Rutigliano V, Pehlivanoglu E, Kalach N, Roggero P, Celinska-Cedro D, Drumm B, Casswall T, Ashorn M, Arvanitakis SN (2007) Results from the pediatric European register for treatment of Helicobacter pylori (PERTH). Helicobacter 12:150–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda M, Miyashiro E, Booka M, Tsuji T, Nakazawa T (2007) Helicobacter pylori colonization in the first 3 years of life in Japanese children. Helicobacter 12:324–327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda M, Kamiya S, Booka M, Kikuchi S, Osaki T, Hiwatani T, Maekawa K, Fukuda Y (2013) Diagnostic accuracy of urine-based kits for detection of Helicobacter pylori antibody in children. Pediatr Int 55:337–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oleastro M, Monteiro L, Lehours P, Megraud F, Menard A (2006) Identification of markers for Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children with peptic ulcer disease by suppressive subtractive hybridization. Infect Immun 74:4064–4074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pacifico L, Anania C, Osborn JF, Ferrara E, Schiavo E, Bonamico M, Chiesa C (2008) Long-term effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on circulating ghrelin and leptin concentrations and body composition in prepubertal children. Eur J Endocrinol 158:323–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacifico L, Osborn JF, Anania C, Vaira D, Olivero E, Chiesa C (2012) Review article: bismuth-based therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35:1010–1026

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacifico L, Osborn JF, Tromba V, Romaggioli S, Bascetta S, Chiesa C (2014) Helicobacter pylori infection and extragastric disorders in children: a critical update. World J Gastroenterol 20:1379–1401

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Parsonnet J, Shmuely H, Haggerty T (1999) Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults. JAMA 282:2240–2245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Perez GI, Sack RB, Reid R, Santosham M, Croll J, Blaser MJ (2003) Transient and persistent Helicobacter pylori colonization in Native American children. J Clin Microbiol 41:2401–2407

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perry S, de la Luz Sanchez M, Yang S, Haggerty TD, Hurst P, Perez-Perez G, Parsonnet J (2006) Gastroenteritis and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in households. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1701–1708

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Plonka M, Bielanski W, Konturek SJ, Targosz A, Sliwowski Z, Dobrzanska M, Kaminska A, Sito E, Konturek PC, Brzozowski T (2006) Helicobacter pylori infection and serum gastrin, ghrelin and leptin in children of Polish shepherds. Dig Liver Dis 38:91–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KK, Thapa BR, Sharma AK, Nain CK, Singh K (2008) Reassessment of diagnostic value of antral nodularity for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 54:1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prell C, Osterrieder S, Lottspeich C, Schwarzer A, Russmann H, Ossiander G, Koletzko S (2009) Improved performance of a rapid office-based stool test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in children before and after therapy. J Clin Microbiol 47:3980–3984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz DM, Harris PR, Sanderson IR, Windle HJ, Walker MM, Rocha AM, Rocha GA, Carvalho SD, Bittencourt PF, de Castro LP, Villagran A, Serrano C, Kelleher D, Crabtree JE (2013a) Iron status and Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: an international multi-centered study. PLoS One 8:e68833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz DM, Rocha AM, Melo FF, Rocha GA, Teixeira KN, Carvalho SD, Bittencourt PF, Castro LP, Crabtree JE (2013b) Increased gastric IL-1beta concentration and iron deficiency parameters in H. pylori infected children. PLoS One 8:e57420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Queiroz DM, Saito M, Rocha GA, Rocha AM, Melo FF, Checkley W, Braga LL, Silva IS, Gilman RH, Crabtree JE (2013c) Helicobacter pylori infection in infants and toddlers in South America: concordance between [13C]urea breath test and monoclonal H. pylori stool antigen test. J Clin Microbiol 51:3735–3740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rajantie J, Klemola T (2003) Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Blood 101:1660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond J, Thiberge JM, Kalach N, Bergeret M, Dupont C, Labigne A, Dauga C (2008) Using macro-arrays to study routes of infection of Helicobacter pylori in three families. PLoS One 3:e2259

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roka K, Roubani A, Stefanaki K, Panayotou I, Roma E, Chouliaras G (2014) The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in newly diagnosed children with inflammatory bowel disease. Helicobacter 19:400–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland M, Daly L, Vaughan M, Higgins A, Bourke B, Drumm B (2006) Age-specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 130:65–72; quiz 211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RG, Wasserman SS, O’Donnoghue JM, Taylor DN, Boslego J, Moreno JG, Hopkins RJ, DeTolla LJ, Morris JG Jr (1993) Serologic response to Helicobacter pylori among children and teenagers in northern Chile. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:189–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker SA, Mahmud H, Davidsson L, Alam NH, Ahmed T, Alam N, Salam MA, Beglinger C, Gyr N, Fuchs GJ (2008) Causal relationship of Helicobacter pylori with iron-deficiency anemia or failure of iron supplementation in children. Gastroenterology 135:1534–1542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz S, Morelli G, Kusecek B, Manica A, Balloux F, Owen RJ, Graham DY, van der Merwe S, Achtman M, Suerbaum S (2008) Horizontal versus familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000180

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer A, Urruzuno P, Iwanczak B, Martinez-Gomez MZ, Kalach N, Roma-Giannikou E, Liptay S, Bontem P, Buderus S, Wenzl TG, Koletzko S (2011) New effective treatment regimen for children infected with a double-resistant Helicobacter pylori strain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:424–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwille IJ, Giel KE, Ellert U, Zipfel S, Enck P (2009) A community-based survey of abdominal pain prevalence, characteristics, and health care use among children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:1062–1068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senbanjo I, Akinbami A, Diaku-Akinwumi I, Oshikoya K, Adeyemo T, Dada O, Dosunmu A, Oshinaike O (2010) Helicobacter pylori infection among a pediatric population with sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc 102:1095–1099

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seo JH, Jun JS, Yeom JS, Park JS, Youn HS, Ko GH, Baik SC, Lee WK, Cho MJ, Rhee KH (2013) Changing pattern of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in children during 20 years in Jinju, South Korea. Pediatr Int 55:332–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solnick JV, Fong J, Hansen LM, Chang K, Canfield DR, Parsonnet J (2006) Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus macaques is most consistent with oral-oral transmission. J Clin Microbiol 44:3799–3803

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenberg A, Genta RM (2012) Low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 35:469–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spee LA, Madderom MB, Pijpers M, van Leeuwen Y, Berger MY (2010) Association between Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal symptoms in children. Pediatrics 125:e651–e669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taye B, Enquselassie F, Tsegaye A, Medhin G, Davey G, Venn A (2015 May) Is H. pylori infection inversely associated with atopy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 45:882–890

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JE, Dale A, Bunn JE, Harding M, Coward WA, Cole TJ, Weaver LT (2004) Early Helicobacter pylori colonisation: the association with growth faltering in The Gambia. Arch Dis Child 89:1149–1154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tkachenko MA, Zhannat NZ, Erman LV, Blashenkova EL, Isachenko SV, Isachenko OB, Graham DY, Malaty HM (2007) Dramatic changes in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during childhood: a 10-year follow-up study in Russia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 45:428–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Travis PB, Goodman KJ, O’Rourke KM, Groves FD, Sinha D, Nicholas JS, VanDerslice J, Lackland D, Mena KD (2010) The association of drinking water quality and sewage disposal with Helicobacter pylori incidence in infants: the potential role of water-borne transmission. J Water Health 8:192–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urita Y, Watanabe T, Kawagoe N, Takemoto I, Tanaka H, Kijima S, Kido H, Maeda T, Sugasawa Y, Miyazaki T, Honda Y, Nakanishi K, Shimada N, Nakajima H, Sugimoto M, Urita C (2013) Role of infected grandmothers in transmission of Helicobacter pylori to children in a Japanese rural town. J Paediatr Child Health 49:394–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vecsei A, Innerhofer A, Binder C, Gizci H, Hammer K, Bruckdorfer A, Riedl S, Gadner H, Hirschl AM, Makristathis A (2010) Stool polymerase chain reaction for Helicobacter pylori detection and clarithromycin susceptibility testing in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:309–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Yu C, Sun Y (2013) The association between asthma and Helicobacter pylori: a meta-analysis. Helicobacter 18:41–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wewer V, Andersen LP, Paerregaard A, Gernow A, Hansen JP, Matzen P, Krasilnikoff PA (2001) Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in children with recurrent abdominal pain. Helicobacter 6:244–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weyermann M, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H (2009) Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood: independent contributions of infected mothers, fathers, and siblings. Am J Gastroenterol 104:182–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xia W, Zhang X, Wang J, Sun C, Wu L (2012) Survey of anaemia and Helicobacter pylori infection in adolescent girls in Suihua, China and enhancement of iron intervention effects by H. pylori eradication. Br J Nutr 108:357–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HR, Ko JS, Seo JK (2008) Does the diagnostic accuracy of the 13C-urea breath test vary with age even after the application of urea hydrolysis rate? Helicobacter 13:239–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YJ, Sheu BS, Yang HB, Lu CC, Chuang CC (2012) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases childhood growth and serum acylated ghrelin levels. World J Gastroenterol 18:2674–2681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young KA, Akyon Y, Rampton DS, Barton SG, Allaker RP, Hardie JM, Feldman RA (2000) Quantitative culture of Helicobacter pylori from gastric juice: the potential for transmission. J Med Microbiol 49:343–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Su J, Xu G, Zhang G (2014) Accuracy of stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 38:629–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Sibylle Koletzko

  2. Bacteriology Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U853, 33000, Bordeaux, France

    Francis Mégraud

Authors
  1. Sibylle Koletzko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francis Mégraud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francis Mégraud .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Microbiology;Dept of Biology, Friedrich Alexander Univ;Erlangen-Nuremb, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany

    Steffen Backert

  2. Dept of Medicine-Gastroenteology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

    Yoshio Yamaoka

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koletzko, S., Mégraud, F. (2016). Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children. In: Backert, S., Yamaoka, Y. (eds) Helicobacter pylori Research. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55936-8_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation