Abstract
Chromosomal DNA must be replicated faithfully and propagated to daughter cells equally. The mechanism of DNA replication is constrained by the characteristics of DNA polymerases, which synthesize chromosomal DNA; i.e., double-stranded DNA must be unwound to serve as a template and 3′-OH (RNA primer in cellular organisms) must be provided to DNA polymerases. Once these two conditions are fulfilled, DNA polymerase can start DNA synthesis everywhere. However, cells regulate this process strictly, mainly at replication origins. DNA replication initiates from replication origins, to which the initiator protein binds. DNA helicase is loaded onto origins and unwinds double-stranded DNA for the syntheses of an RNA primer and subsequent DNA by primase and DNA polymerases. As DNA polymerases elongate the DNA chain in the 5′ to 3′ direction, both strands are synthesized in opposite directions from the initiation site. The synthesis of both DNA strands (leading and lagging) continues in a manner that is coupled with DNA helicase up to its termination. These fundamental mechanisms and regulation of cellular chromosomal DNA replication are outlined using prokaryotic and eukaryotic examples.
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Araki, H. (2016). Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication. In: Hanaoka, F., Sugasawa, K. (eds) DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55873-6_1
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