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Macrophage and Multinucleated Giant Cell Classification

  • Chapter
Biological Effects of Fibrous and Particulate Substances

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of macrophage subtype and multinucleated giant cell classification with a specific discussion of their role(s) in response to particulates and other foreign bodies. Topics covered for the different subtypes include the following: environmental factors involved in their generation, functional characterization, disease associations, and interactions with particulates. This chapter is separated into three major parts. The first portion describes the normal structure and functions of the macrophage. Second, the currently published macrophage subsets are outlined. The classifications included in the discussion are based on function (“M” polarization) rather than anatomical position (tissue-specific macrophages – Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, etc.). As shown in Fig. 1.1, the ontogeny of the various types of macrophages being discussed in this chapter depends on the pathway of activation. The third major section focuses on multinucleated giant cells, which are formed by fusion of individual macrophages. The ontogeny of each subset will be discussed and the current literature regarding particulate/foreign-body interaction will be reviewed.

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Abbreviations

Arg-1:

Arginase-1

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

Ch3l3 (Ym1):

Chitinase 3-like 3

CXCL:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand

FcγR:

Fc-gamma receptor

GC:

Glucocorticoids

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

IFNγ:

Interferon gamma

IL:

Interleukin

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MGC:

Multinucleated giant cell

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MMP9:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

RELMα (FIZZ1):

Resistin-like molecule alpha

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TAM:

Tumor-associated macrophage

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor beta

Th1/Th2:

Type 1 or type 2 helper T cells

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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  1. Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA

    Kevin L. Trout, Forrest Jessop & Christopher T. Migliaccio

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  1. Dept. Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan

    Takemi Otsuki

  2. Dept. of Toxicology and Safety Science Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Yasuo Yoshioka

  3. Center for Env. Health Sciences University of Montana, Missoula, Minnesota, USA

    Andrij Holian

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Trout, K.L., Jessop, F., Migliaccio, C.T. (2016). Macrophage and Multinucleated Giant Cell Classification. In: Otsuki, T., Yoshioka, Y., Holian, A. (eds) Biological Effects of Fibrous and Particulate Substances. Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55732-6_1

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