Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Correction of Cognition: Providing Objective Information

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Prescription for Social Dilemmas

  • 688 Accesses

Abstract

In the previous chapter, we reviewed several psychological factors regarding the process of a person choosing a cooperative behavior, and eventually becoming a habitual cooperator in a real-life social dilemma. The following is a reminder of those factors:

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In a repeated-measurement analysis of variance, the difference between the cognitive value and the actual value, as well as the difference by group on such differences were significant.

  2. 2.

    In an analysis of variance, the tendency of people who came by car overestimating the car as a safe mode of transportation was not significant. However, the tendency to overestimate it as a cheap mode of transportation was significant.

  3. 3.

    Of course, it is not impossible to regard this result as “simply reflecting the causal relationship that they estimate the cooperation rate of others as low because they are conducting a defective behavior.” However, at least, the result does not disconfirm the hypothesis that “they conduct a defective behavior because they estimate the cooperation rate of others as low.” In order to examine the direction of causal relationship more carefully, it requires an experiment to empirically manipulate one side of the equation. But at least from a logical standpoint, we can consider the possibility of causal relationship on both directions. The causal relationship that “they underestimate the cooperation rate of others because they take a defective behavior” may be expected from the side of Cognitive Dissonance Theory. The causal relationship that “they take a defective behavior because they underestimate the cooperation rate of others” may be expected from the conformity effect side.

  4. 4.

    From both Figs. 5.7 and 5.8, we can also read the result that “for cooperators, the cognitive cooperation rate of others does not outstrip the actual rate, but for noncooperators, it is much lower than the actual rate.” This result supports the existence of the conformity effect, and at the same time, there is a possibility that it shows the “social intelligence” (Yamagishi 1998) of noncooperators is lower than that of cooperators.

  5. 5.

    There was no significant difference in the effect of the actual behavior, but with regards to the moral obligation, the tendency of differences due to different experimental conditions was statistically shown.

References

  • Aronson, E. (1992). The social animal, (6th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asch, S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment. In M.H. Guestzkow (Ed.), Groups, Leadership and Men (pp. 117–190). Carnegie, Pittsburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudrillard, J. (1970). La Société de consommation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S. (2002a). Questionnaire to tourists: Estimated amount to maintain a car per day, JAF Mate, 2002 October, 47. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S. (2002b). Strategy to correct misunderstandings concerning the cooperation rate of others in a social dilemma. In Abstract of 57th Annual Conference of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Part IV (CD-ROM). (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S., & Kitamura, R. (2003). What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change. Transportation, 30, 81–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S., & Takasu, Y. (2003). Communication with non-drivers promotes wise decisions regarding possession of a driver’s license. In CD-ROM of Proceedings of Fourth Regional Symposium on Infrastructure Development in Civil Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S., & Takemura, K. (2001). Risk attitude and attention: A psychometric analysis of framing effect by contingent focus model. Kodo Keiryogaku (The Japanese Journal of Behaviormetrics), 28(1), 9–17. (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S., Gärling, T., & Kitamura, R. (2001). Changes in drivers’ perceptions and use of public transport during a freeway closure: Effects of temporary structural change on cooperation in a real-life social dilemma. Environment and Behavior, 33(6), 796–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii, S., Nishinaka, T., & Kitamura, R. (2003). An experiment of communication toward non automobile-license holder. Journal of Infrastructure Planning and Management, 20(4), 1003–1008. (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gärling, T., Fujii, S., & Boe, O. (2001). Empirical tests of a model of determinants of script-based driving choice. Transportation Research F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 4, 89–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messick, D. M., Bloom, S., Boldizar, J. P., & Samuelson, C. D. (1985). Why we are fairer than others. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 480–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, S., Kitamura, R., & Fujii, S. (1999). Drivers’ learning and network behavior: A dynamic analysis of the driver-network system as a complex system. Transportation Research Record, 1676, 30–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, K. (1992). An introduction to risk psychology. Saiensu-sha. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Slotegraaf, G. (2001). Instrumental-reasoned and symbolic-affective motives for using a motor car. Transportation Research F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 4, 151–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Lange, P. A. M. (1991). Being better but not smarter than others: The Muhammad Ali effect at work in interpersonal situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 690–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., & van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit, information acquisition, and the process of making travel mode choices. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 539–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagishi, T. (1998) Structure of trust: Evolutionary game of psychology and society. University of Tokyo Press. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamagishi, T. (2002) The Japanese over focus on psychology. Nikkei. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

    Satoshi Fujii

Authors
  1. Satoshi Fujii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Satoshi Fujii .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fujii, S. (2017). Correction of Cognition: Providing Objective Information. In: Prescription for Social Dilemmas. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55618-3_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation