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Optogenetic Sensors for Monitoring Intracellular Chloride

  • Chapter
Optogenetics

Abstract

Here we provide an overview of genetically encoded chloride indicators and their application in imaging intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl−]i). We first compare different chloride sensors and then describe the basic properties of two of these - Clomeleon and SuperClomeleon - in terms of their anion selectivity, pH sensitivity, and binding kinetics. We also describe several approaches that can be used to express Clomeleon in selected populations of neurons. Clomeleon imaging has been used to determine resting [Cl−]i in a variety of neuron types and to determine the shifts in resting [Cl−]i that occur during neuronal development and during pathological conditions. Clomeleon imaging has also been used to monitor dynamic changes in [Cl−]i that are associated with activity of inhibitory synapses. Thus, optogenetic chloride imaging has provided a wide range of novel information about [Cl−]i in neurons and should be generally useful for measuring [Cl−]i within cells.

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Acknowledgments

Writing of this chapter was supported by a CRP grant from the National Research Foundation of Singapore and by the World Class Institute (WCI) Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (MEST) (NRF Grant Number: WCI 2009–003).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Ken Berglund

  2. Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea

    Lei Wen & George J. Augustine

  3. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Research Techno Plaza, Singapore, 637553, Singapore

    Lei Wen & George J. Augustine

  4. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore

    George J. Augustine

Authors
  1. Ken Berglund
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  2. Lei Wen
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  3. George J. Augustine
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Correspondence to George J. Augustine .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan

    Hiromu Yawo

  2. Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

    Hideki Kandori

  3. National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

    Amane Koizumi

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Berglund, K., Wen, L., Augustine, G.J. (2015). Optogenetic Sensors for Monitoring Intracellular Chloride. In: Yawo, H., Kandori, H., Koizumi, A. (eds) Optogenetics. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55516-2_11

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