Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity Genes to Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Japanese Men

  • Chapter
Physical Activity, Exercise, Sedentary Behavior and Health

  • 3492 Accesses

Abstract

There has been a considerable increase in the number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and metabolic syndrome (MetS). A low level of cardiorespiratory fitness is also a strong determining factor in the development of MetS. This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the influence of the interaction between obesity genes and cardiorespiratory fitness on the risk of MetS. Healthy Japanese men (n = 287) participated in this study. All subjects were divided into four groups, fitness level (high and low fitness groups), and age (younger, age < 40 years and middle-aged/older, age ≥ 40 years). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2), the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and the fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) genotypes were analyzed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Taq-Man probes. Two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with adjustment for age as a covariate indicated that fitness, the CC genotype of C1431T in the PPARγ2, and the ValVal genotype of Ala55Val in the UCP2 genes interacted to produce a significant effect on MetS risk in Japanese adult men. We concluded that the CC genotype of C1431T in the PPARγ2 and the ValVal genotype of Ala55Val in the UCP2 genes together with low cardiorespiratory fitness may increase the risk of MetS in younger men (age < 40 years), even with adjustment for age.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albala C, Santos JL, Cifuentes M, Villarroel AC, Lera L, Liberman C, Angel B, Perez-Bravo F (2004) Intestinal FABP2 A54T polymorphism: association with insulin resistance and obesity in women. Obes Res 12:340–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alpers DH, Bass NM, Engle MJ, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K (2000) Intestinal fatty acid binding protein may favor differential apical fatty acid binding in the intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1483:352–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl MC, Nemesh J, Lane CR, Schaffner SF, Bolk S, Brewer C, Tuomi T, Gaudet D, Hudson TJ, Daly M, Groop L, Lander ES (2000) The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 26:76–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Astrup A, Toubro S, Dalgaard LT, Urhammer SA, Sorensen TI, Pedersen O (1999) Impact of the v/v 55 polymorphism of the uncoupling protein 2 gene on 24-h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:1030–1034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bao S, Kennedy A, Wojciechowski B, Wallace P, Ganaway E, Garvey WT (1998) Expression of mRNAs encoding uncoupling proteins in human skeletal muscle: effects of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes 47:1935–1940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbe P, Millet L, Larrouy D, Galitzky J, Berlan M, Louvet JP, Langin D (1998) Uncoupling protein-2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression during very-low-calorie diet in obese premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2450–2453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beamer BA, Yen CJ, Andersen RE, Muller D, Elahi D, Cheskin LJ, Andres R, Roth J, Shuldiner AR (1998) Association of the Pro12Ala variant in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene with obesity in two Caucasian populations. Diabetes 47:1806–1808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc J, Alves-Guerra MC, Esposito B, Rousset S, Gourdy P, Ricquier D, Tedgui A, Miroux B, Mallat Z (2003) Protective role of uncoupling protein 2 in atherosclerosis. Circulation 107:388–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulotta A, Ludovico O, Coco A, Di Paola R, Quattrone A, Carella M, Pellegrini F, Prudente S, Trischitta V (2005) The common -866G/A polymorphism in the promoter region of the UCP-2 gene is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in Caucasians from Italy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1176–1180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll S, Cooke CB, Butterly RJ (2000) Metabolic clustering, physical activity and fitness in nonsmoking, middle-aged men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:2079–2086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cecil JE, Watt P, Palmer CN, Hetherington M (2006) Energy balance and food intake: the role of PPARgamma gene polymorphisms. Physiol Behav 88:227–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cha MH, Kim IC, Kim KS, Kang BK, Choi SM, Yoon Y (2007) Association of UCP2 and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among Korean women. Metabolism 56:806–813

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheurfa N, Dubois-Laforgue D, Ferrarezi DA, Reis AF, Brenner GM, Bouche C, Le Feuvre C, Fumeron F, Timsit J, Marre M, Velho G (2008) The common -866G > A variant in the promoter of UCP2 is associated with decreased risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic men. Diabetes 57:1063–1068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu KC, Chuang LM, Yoon C (2001) The A54T polymorphism at the intestinal fatty acid binding protein 2 is associated with insulin resistance in glucose tolerant Caucasians. BMC Genet 2:7

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Adamo M, Perego L, Cardellini M, Marini MA, Frontoni S, Andreozzi F, Sciacqua A, Lauro D, Sbraccia P, Federici M, Paganelli M, Pontiroli AE, Lauro R, Perticone F, Folli F, Sesti G (2004) The -866A/A genotype in the promoter of the human uncoupling protein 2 gene is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53:1905–1910

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deeb SS, Fajas L, Nemoto M, Pihlajamaki J, Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Fujimoto W, Auwerx J (1998) A Pro12Ala substitution in PPARgamma2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity. Nat Genet 20:284–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Digby JE, Crowley VE, Sewter CP, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, O’Rahilly S (2000) Depot-related and thiazolidinedione-responsive expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in human adipocytes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:585–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doney A, Fischer B, Frew D, Cumming A, Flavell DM, World M, Montgomery HE, Boyle D, Morris A, Palmer CN (2002) Haplotype analysis of the PPARgamma Pro12Ala and C1431T variants reveals opposing associations with body weight. BMC Genet 3:21

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ek J, Urhammer SA, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Auwerx J, Pedersen O (1999) Homozygosity of the Pro12Ala variant of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPAR-gamma2): divergent modulating effects on body mass index in obese and lean Caucasian men. Diabetologia 42:892–895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finley CE, LaMonte MJ, Waslien CI, Barlow CE, Blair SN, Nichaman MZ (2006) Cardiorespiratory fitness, macronutrient intake, and the metabolic syndrome: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. J Am Diet Assoc 106:673–679

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujie S, Iemitsu M, Murakami H, Sanada K, Kawano H, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Miyachi M (2013) Higher cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates arterial stiffening associated with the Ala54Thr polymorphism in FABP2. Physiol Genomics 45:237–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galluzzi JR, Cupples LA, Otvos JD, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM (2001) Association of the A/T54 polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein with variations in plasma lipids in the Framingham Offspring Study. Atherosclerosis 159:417–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gando Y, Kawano H, Yamamoto K, Sanada K, Tanimoto M, Oh T, Ohmori Y, Miyatani M, Usui C, Takahashi E, Tabata I, Higuchi M, Miyachi M (2010) Age and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with arterial stiffening and left ventricular remodelling. J Hum Hypertens 24:197–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gastaldi M, Diziere S, Defoort C, Portugal H, Lairon D, Darmon M, Planells R (2007) Sex-specific association of fatty acid binding protein 2 and microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein variants with response to dietary lipid changes in the 3-mo Medi-RIVAGE primary intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1633–1641

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgopoulos A, Aras O, Tsai MY (2000) Codon-54 polymorphism of the fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene is associated with elevation of fasting and postprandial triglyceride in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3155–3160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gioli-Pereira L, Santos PC, Sugaya LS, Ferreira NE, Krieger JE, Pereira AC, Hueb WA (2013) Association between UCP2 A55V polymorphism and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with multi-vessel coronary arterial disease. BMC Med Genet 14:40

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann A, Munzberg H, Buttron P, Busing B, Hinney A, Mayer H, Siegfried W, Hebebrand J, Greten H (1999) Missense variants in the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene in lean and obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 141:90–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haseeb A, Iliyas M, Chakrabarti S, Farooqui AA, Naik SR, Ghosh S, Suragani M, Ehtesham NZ (2009) Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and their association with plasma levels of resistin and the metabolic syndrome in a South Indian population. J Biosci 34:405–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helwig U, Rubin D, Klapper M, Li Y, Nothnagel M, Folsch UR, Doring F, Schreiber S, Schrezenmeir J (2007) The association of fatty acid-binding protein 2 A54T polymorphism with postprandial lipemia depends on promoter variability. Metabolism 56:723–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hevener AL, He W, Barak Y, Le J, Bandyopadhyay G, Olson P, Wilkes J, Evans RM, Olefsky J (2003) Muscle-specific Pparg deletion causes insulin resistance. Nat Med 9:1491–1497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Tanabe T, Jesmin S, Kuno S, Ajisaka R, Miyauchi T, Matsuda M (2006) Polymorphism in endothelin-related genes limits exercise-induced decreases in arterial stiffness in older subjects. Hypertension 47:928–936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii T, Hirose H, Kawai T, Hayashi K, Maruyama H, Saito I, Saruta T (2001) Effects of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene Ala54Thr polymorphism and beta3-adrenergic receptor gene Trp64Arg polymorphism on insulin resistance and fasting plasma glucose in young to older Japanese men. Metabolism 50:1301–1307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa-Takata K, Tabata I (2007) Exercise and physical activity reference for health promotion 2006 (EPAR2006). J Epidemiol 17:177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kao WH, Coresh J, Shuldiner AR, Boerwinkle E, Bray MS, Brancati FL (2003) Pro12Ala of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene is associated with lower serum insulin levels in nonobese African Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes 52:1568–1572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klannemark M, Orho M, Groop L (1998) No relationship between identified variants in the uncoupling protein 2 gene and energy expenditure. Eur J Endocrinol 139:217–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuan JW, Kuan SS, Guilbault GG (1977) Determination of plasma glucose with use of a stirrer containing immobilized glucose dehydrogenase. Clin Chem 23:1058–1061

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagou V, Scott RA, Manios Y, Chen TL, Wang G, Grammatikaki E, Kortsalioudaki C, Liarigkovinos T, Moschonis G, Roma-Giannikou E, Pitsiladis YP (2008) Impact of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and delta on adiposity in toddlers and preschoolers in the GENESIS Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:913–918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Mannikko N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT (2003) Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1279–1286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Jurca R, Kampert JB, Church TS, Blair SN (2005) Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: a prospective study of men and women. Circulation 112:505–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN, Church TS, Ross R (2005) Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. Diabetes Care 28:895–901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masud S, Ye S (2003) Effect of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma gene Pro12Ala variant on body mass index: a meta-analysis. J Med Genet 40:773–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, Chu J, Lamendola C, Reaven G (2003) Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. Ann Intern Med 139:802–809

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod CJ, Aziz A, Hoyt RF Jr, McCoy JP Jr, Sack MN (2005) Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 function in concert to augment tolerance to cardiac ischemia. J Biol Chem 280:33470–33476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meirhaeghe A, Fajas L, Helbecque N, Cottel D, Auwerx J, Deeb SS, Amouyel P (2000) Impact of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism on adiposity, lipids and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:195–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meirhaeghe A, Fajas L, Helbecque N, Cottel D, Lebel P, Dallongeville J, Deeb S, Auwerx J, Amouyel P (1998) A genetic polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene influences plasma leptin levels in obese humans. Hum Mol Genet 7:435–440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millet L, Vidal H, Andreelli F, Larrouy D, Riou JP, Ricquier D, Laville M, Langin D (1997) Increased uncoupling protein-2 and −3 mRNA expression during fasting in obese and lean humans. J Clin Invest 100:2665–2670

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyachi M, Tanaka H, Yamamoto K, Yoshioka A, Takahashi K, Onodera S (2001) Effects of one-legged endurance training on femoral arterial and venous size in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol 90:2439–2444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyatani M, Kawano H, Masani K, Gando Y, Yamamoto K, Tanimoto M, Oh T, Usui C, Sanada K, Higuchi M, Tabata I, Miyachi M (2008) Required muscle mass for preventing lifestyle-related diseases in Japanese women. BMC Public Health 8:291

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori Y, Kim-Motoyama H, Katakura T, Yasuda K, Kadowaki H, Beamer BA, Shuldiner AR, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T (1998) Effect of the Pro12Ala variant of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 gene on adiposity, fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in Japanese men. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 251:195–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morini E, Tassi V, Capponi D, Ludovico O, Dallapiccola B, Trischitta V, Prudente S (2008) Interaction between PPARgamma2 variants and gender on the modulation of body weight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:1467–1470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuno A, Tamemoto H, Tobe K, Ueki K, Mori Y, Iwamoto K, Umesono K, Akanuma Y, Fujiwara T, Horikoshi H, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T (1998) Troglitazone increases the number of small adipocytes without the change of white adipose tissue mass in obese Zucker rats. J Clin Invest 101:1354–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orakzai RH, Orakzai SH, Nasir K, Roguin A, Pimentel I, Carvalho JA, Meneghello R, Blumenthal RS, Santos RD (2006) Association of increased cardiorespiratory fitness with low risk for clustering of metabolic syndrome components in asymptomatic men. Arch Med Res 37:522–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paffenbarger RS Jr, Blair SN, Lee IM, Hyde RT (1993) Measurement of physical activity to assess health effects in free-living populations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:60–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pihlajamaki J, Miettinen R, Valve R, Karjalainen L, Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Deeb S, Auwerx J, Laakso M (2000) The Pro12A1a substitution in the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 is associated with an insulin-sensitive phenotype in families with familial combined hyperlipidemia and in nondiabetic elderly subjects with dyslipidemia. Atherosclerosis 151:567–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkney JH, Boss O, Bray GA, Bulmer K, Coppack SW, Mohamed-Ali V (2000) Physiological relationships of uncoupling protein-2 gene expression in human adipose tissue in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2312–2317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochazka M, Lillioja S, Tait JF, Knowler WC, Mott DM, Spraul M, Bennett PH, Bogardus C (1993) Linkage of chromosomal markers on 4q with a putative gene determining maximal insulin action in Pima Indians. Diabetes 42:514–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rance KA, Johnstone AM, Murison S, Duncan JS, Wood SG, Speakman JR (2007) Plasma leptin levels are related to body composition, sex, insulin levels and the A55V polymorphism of the UCP2 gene. Int J Obes (Lond) 31:1311–1318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Perusse L, Bouchard C (2006) The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:529–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringel J, Engeli S, Distler A, Sharma AM (1999) Pro12Ala missense mutation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and diabetes mellitus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254:450–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanada K, Iemitsu M, Murakami H, Tabata I, Yamamoto K, Gando Y, Suzuki K, Higuchi M, Miyachi M (2011) PPARgamma2 C1431T genotype increases metabolic syndrome risk in young men with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Physiol Genomics 43:103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh H, Kishi R, Tsutsui H (2010) Body mass index can similarly predict the presence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged Japanese subjects as waist circumference. Intern Med 49:977–982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen H, Qi L, Tai ES, Chew SK, Tan CE, Ordovas JM (2006) Uncoupling protein 2 promoter polymorphism -866G/A, central adiposity, and metabolic syndrome in Asians. Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:656–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sipilainen R, Uusitupa M, Heikkinen S, Rissanen A, Laakso M (1997) Variants in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein 2 gene in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2629–2632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tahvanainen E, Molin M, Vainio S, Tiret L, Nicaud V, Farinaro E, Masana L, Ehnholm C (2000) Intestinal fatty acid binding protein polymorphism at codon 54 is not associated with postprandial responses to fat and glucose tolerance tests in healthy young Europeans. Results from EARS II participants. Atherosclerosis 152:317–325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tai ES, Corella D, Deurenberg-Yap M, Adiconis X, Chew SK, Tan CE, Ordovas JM (2004) Differential effects of the C1431T and Pro12Ala PPARgamma gene variants on plasma lipids and diabetes risk in an Asian population. J Lipid Res 45:674–685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teshima Y, Akao M, Jones SP, Marban E (2003) Uncoupling protein-2 overexpression inhibits mitochondrial death pathway in cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 93:192–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tontonoz P, Hu E, Spiegelman BM (1995) Regulation of adipocyte gene expression and differentiation by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. Curr Opin Genet Dev 5:571–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valve R, Sivenius K, Miettinen R, Pihlajamaki J, Rissanen A, Deeb SS, Auwerx J, Uusitupa M, Laakso M (1999) Two polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene are associated with severe overweight among obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3708–3712

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vigouroux C, Fajas L, Khallouf E, Meier M, Gyapay G, Lascols O, Auwerx J, Weissenbach J, Capeau J, Magre J (1998) Human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2: genetic mapping, identification of a variant in the coding sequence, and exclusion as the gene responsible for lipoatrophic diabetes. Diabetes 47:490–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Chu WS, Lu T, Hasstedt SJ, Kern PA, Elbein SC (2004) Uncoupling protein-2 polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:E1–E7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whaley MH, Kampert JB, Kohl HW 3rd, Blair SN (1999) Physical fitness and clustering of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:287–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willson TM, Cobb JE, Cowan DJ, Wiethe RW, Correa ID, Prakash SR, Beck KD, Moore LB, Kliewer SA, Lehmann JM (1996) The structure − activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem 39:665–668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Murakami K, Motojima K, Komeda K, Ide T, Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Miki H, Tsuchida A, Akanuma Y, Nagai R, Kimura S, Kadowaki T (2001a) The mechanisms by which both heterozygous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) deficiency and PPARgamma agonist improve insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 276:41245–41254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, Ide T, Murakami K, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Ezaki O, Akanuma Y, Gavrilova O, Vinson C, Reitman ML, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Yoda M, Nakano Y, Tobe K, Nagai R, Kimura S, Tomita M, Froguel P, Kadowaki T (2001b) The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med 7:941–946

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yen CJ, Beamer BA, Negri C, Silver K, Brown KA, Yarnall DP, Burns DK, Roth J, Shuldiner AR (1997) Molecular scanning of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (hPPAR gamma) gene in diabetic Caucasians: identification of a Pro12Ala PPAR gamma 2 missense mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:270–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao T, Nzekebaloudou M, lv J (2010) Ala54Thr polymorphism of fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene and fasting blood lipids: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 210:461–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Grants

This study was partly supported by funding from the Establishment of Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care program (K. Sanada); the Encouraging Development Strategic Research Centers Program; Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology (K. Sanada); a grant-in-aid (no. 21300258) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (K. Sanada); the Uehara Memorial Foundation of Japan (M. Iemitsu); and a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan (M. Miyachi).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan

    Kiyoshi Sanada & Motoyuki Iemitsu

  2. Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

    Kiyoshi Sanada

  3. Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

    Haruka Murakami & Motohiko Miyachi

  4. Waseda University, Saitama, Japan

    Ryoko Kawakami & Katsuhiko Suzuki

  5. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan

    Yuko Gando & Mitsuru Higuchi

  6. Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Sinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

    Yuko Gando

  7. Faculty of Letters, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan

    Hiroshi Kawano

Authors
  1. Kiyoshi Sanada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Motoyuki Iemitsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Haruka Murakami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ryoko Kawakami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yuko Gando
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hiroshi Kawano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Katsuhiko Suzuki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mitsuru Higuchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Motohiko Miyachi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kiyoshi Sanada .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan

    Kazuyuki Kanosue

  2. Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan

    Satomi Oshima

  3. School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

    Zhen-Bo Cao

  4. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan

    Koichiro Oka

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sanada, K. et al. (2015). Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity Genes to Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Japanese Men. In: Kanosue, K., Oshima, S., Cao, ZB., Oka, K. (eds) Physical Activity, Exercise, Sedentary Behavior and Health. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55333-5_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55333-5_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-55332-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-55333-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation