Skip to main content

Fish and Shellfish Diseases Caused by Marine Protists

  • Chapter
Marine Protists

Abstract

Many protists specifically parasitize marine organisms, and some of them cause diseases in economically important fish, shellfish or other invertebrates. In this chapter, we give general accounts of considerable protistan parasites for the fishery industry with their impacts and control measures, if any. Parasites of fish include amoebae, ichthyosporea, flagellates, X-cells with an unknown taxonomic position, and ciliates, and those of invertebrates include Marteilia and Perkinsus for shellfish, and a kinetoplastid for edible ascidians.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alvarez-Pellitero P (2008) Diseases caused by flagellates. In: Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG (eds) Fish diseases, vol 1. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 321–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Audemard C, Le RF, Barnaud A et al (2002) Needle in a haystack: involvement of the copepod Paracartia grani in the life-cycle of the oyster pathogen Marteilia refringens. Parasitology 124:315–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo C (1989) Fine structure of Perkinsus atlanticus n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Perkinsea) parasite of the clam Ruditapes decussatus from Portugal. J Parasitol 75:627–635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthe FCJ, Le Roux F, Peyretaillade E et al (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA of Marteilia refringens validates the existence of phylum Paramyxea (Desportes and Perkins, 1990). J Eukaryot Microbiol 47:288–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthe FCJ, Le Roux F, Adlard RD et al (2004) Marteiliosis in molluscs: a review. Aquat Living Resour 17:433–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackbourn J, Bower SM, Meyer GR (1998) Perkinsus qugwadi sp. nov. (incertae sedis), a pathogenic protozoan parasite of Japanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, cultured in British Columbia, Canada. Can J Zool 76:942–953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM (2006) Parasitic diseases of shellfish. In: Woo PTK (ed) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 1. CABI International, Wallingford, pp 629–677

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM, Blackbourn J, Meyer GR (1998) Distribution, prevalence, and pathogenicity of the protozoan Perkinsus qugwadi in Japanese scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, cultured in British Columbia, Canada. Can J Zool 76:954–959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower SM, Blackbourn J, Meyer GR et al (1999) Effect of Perkinsus qugwadi on various species and strains of scallops. Dis Aquat Org 36:143–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BrÃ¥te J, Logares R, Berney C et al (2010) Freshwater Perkinsea and marine-freshwater colonizations revealed by pyrosequencing and phylogeny of environmental rRNA. ISME J 4:1144–1153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi KS, Park KI (2010) Review on the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni (Lester and Davis 1981) infection in Asian waters. In: Lie HJ, Ishimatsu A (eds) Coastal environmental and ecosystem issues of the East China Sea. TERRAPUB/Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, pp 269–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Colorni A (1985) Aspects of the biology of Cryptocaryon irritans, and hyposalinity as a control measure in cultured gilt-head sea bream Sparus aurata. Dis Aquat Org 1:19–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crosbie PBB, Ogawa K, Nakano D et al (2010) Amoebic gill disease in hatchery-reared ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis in Japan is caused by Neoparamoeba perurans. J Fish Dis 33:455–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyková I (2008) Amoeboid protists as parasites of fish. In: Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG (eds) Fish diseases, vol 1. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 397–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Feist SW, Hine PM, Bateman KS et al (2009) Paramarteilia canceri sp. n. (Cercozoa) in the European edible crab (Cancer pagurus) with a proposal for the revision of the order Paramyxida Chatton, 1911. Folia Parasitol 56:73–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman MA, Eydal M, Yoshimizu M et al (2011) Molecular identification and transmission studies of X-cell parasites from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Gadiformes: Gadidae) and the northern black flounder Pseudopleuronectes obscurus (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae). Parasit Vectors 4:15

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirose E, Nozawa A, Kumagai A et al (2012) Azumiobodo hoyamushi gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Euglenozoa, Kinetoplastea, Neobodonida): a pathogenic kinetoplastid causing the soft tunic syndrome in ascidian aquaculture. Dis Aquat Org 97:227–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias R, Paramá A, Alvarez MF et al (2001) Philasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) as the causative agent of scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus in Garcia (NW Spain). Dis Aquat Org 46:47–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh N, Komiyama H, Ueki N et al (2004) Early developmental stages of a protozoan parasite, Marteilioides chungmuensis (Paramyxea), the causative agent of the ovary enlargement disease in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Int J Parasitol 34:1129–1135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaige N, Miyazaki T (1985) A histopathological study of white spot disease in Japanese flounder. Fish Pathol 20:61–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakuta I, Kurokura H (1995) Defensive effects of orally administered bovine lactoferrin against Cryptocaryon irritans infection of red sea bream. Fish Pathol 30:289–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai H, Osawa S, Kobayashi T et al (2002) Prevention of scuticociliatosis in Japanese flounder by treatment of water-supply with a high quality UV lamp. Fish Pathol 37:199–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan RA (2004) Disease outbreaks and mass mortality in cultured Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., associated with Trichodina murmanica (Ciliophora). J Fish Dis 27:181–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleeman SN, Adlard R, Lester RJG (2002) Detection of the initial infective stages of the protozoan parasite Marteilia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata and their development through to sporogenesis. Int J Parasitol 32:767–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocan RM (2013) Proposed changes to the nomenclature of Ichthyophonus sp. life stages and structures. J Parasitol 99:906–909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocan RM, Gregg JL, Hershberger PK (2010) Release of infectious cells from epidermal ulcers in Ichthyophonus sp.-infected Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii): Evidence for multiple mechanisms of transmission. J Parasitol 96:348–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocan R, LaPatra S, Hershberger PK (2013) Evidence for an amoeba-like infectious stage of Ichthyophonus sp. and description of a circulating blood stage: a probable mechanism for dispersal within the fish host. J Parasitol 99:235–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumagai A, Suto A, Ito H et al (2010) Mass mortality of cultured ascidians Halocynthia roretzi associated with softening of the tunic and flagellate-like cells. Dis Aquat Org 90:223–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumagai A, Suto A, Ito H et al (2011) Soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi is caused by a kinetoplastid protist. Dis Aquat Org 95:153–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Limpanont Y, Kang HS, Hong HK et al (2013) Molecular and histological identification of Marteilioides infection in Suminoe oyster Crassostrea ariakensis, Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas on the south coast of Korea. J Invertebr Pathol 114:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lom J, Dyková I (1992) Protozoan parasites of fishes, vol 26, Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Flores I, Garrido-Ramos MA, de la Herran R et al (2008a) Identification of Marteilia refringens infecting the razor clam Solen marginatus by PCR and in situ hybridization. Mol Cell Probes 22:151–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López-Flores I, Robles F, Valencia JM et al (2008b) Detection of Marteilia refringens using nested PCR and in situ hybridisation in Chamelea gallina from the Balearic Islands (Spain). Dis Aquat Org 82:79–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McVicar AH (2011) Ichthyophonus. In: Woo PTK, Bruno DW (eds) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 3, Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Publishing, New York, pp 721–747

    Google Scholar 

  • Miwa S, Nakayasu C, Kamaishi T et al (2004) X-cells in fish pseudotumors are parasitic protozoans. Dis Aquat Org 58:165–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Yamamoto K, Teruya K et al (2007) Endoparasitic dinoflagellate of the genus Ichthyodinium infecting fertilized eggs and hatched larvae observed in the seed production of the coral trout Plectropomus leoparadus. Fish Pathol 42:49–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer MA, Blake NJ, Arnold WS (1993) An ascetosporan disease causing mass mortality in the Atlantic calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758). J Shellfish Res 12:305–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrell A, Kleeman SN, Barker SC et al (2002) Synonymy of Perkinsus olseni Lester & Davis, 1981 and Perkinsus atlanticus Azevedo, 1989 and an update on the phylogenetic position of the genus Perkinsus. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 22:258–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Nell JA, Smith IR, McPhee CC (2000) The Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850) breeding programme: progress and goals. Aquacult Res 31:45–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noga EJ, Levy MG (2006) Phylum Dinoflagellata. In: Woo PTK (ed) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 1, 2nd edn, Protozoan and metazoan infections. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 16–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Park KH, Zeon SR, Lee JG et al (2013) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of drugs against the protozoan parasite Azumiobodo hoyamushi that causes soft tunic syndrome in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche). J Fish Dis 37:309–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reece KS, Siddall ME, Stokes NA et al (2004) Molecular phylogeny of the Haplosporidia based on two independent gene sequences. J Parasitol 90:1111–1122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takagishi N, Yoshinaga T, Ogawa K (2009) Effect of hyposalinity on the infection and pathogenicity of Miamiensis avidus causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Dis Aquat Org 86:175–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tun KL, Itoh N, Komiyama H et al (2006) Comparison of Marteilioides chungmuensis infection in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas cultured in different conditions. Aquaculture 253:91–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tun KL, Itoh N, Shimizu Y et al (2008) Pathogenicity of the protozoan parasite Marteilioides chungmuensis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Int J Parasitol 38:211–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villalba A, Reece KS, Ordas MC et al (2004) Perkinsosis in molluscs: a review. Aquat Living Resour 17:411–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waki S, Yoshinaga T (2013) Experimental challenges of juvenile and adult Manila clams with the protozoan Perkinsus olseni at different temperatures. Fish Sci 79:779–786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright ADG, Colorni A (2002) Taxonomic re-assignment of Cryptocaryon irritans, a marine fish parasite. Eur J Protistol 37:375–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H, He Y, Wang X et al (2011) Polymorphism in a serine protease inhibitor gene and its association with disease resistance in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin). Fish Shellfish Immunol 30:757–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the following scientists for providing the photos and diagram used in this chapter: Mr. D. Nakano, Fukui Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, Japan; Dr. K. Hatai, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Japan; Dr. S. Urawa, Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan; Mr. S. Tanaka, Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute, Japan; Dr. M. Ototake, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan; Dr. Akira Kumagai, Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan; and Dr. Susan Bower, Pacific Biological Station, Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kazuo Ogawa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yokoyama, H., Itoh, N., Ogawa, K. (2015). Fish and Shellfish Diseases Caused by Marine Protists. In: Ohtsuka, S., Suzaki, T., Horiguchi, T., Suzuki, N., Not, F. (eds) Marine Protists. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics