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EU Multi-layered Migration Governance and the Externalization of French Migration Management: Analysis of Political Dynamics Driving the Construction of Complex Migration Regime

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Evolving Diversity and Interdependence of Capitalisms

Part of the book series: Evolutionary Economics and Social Complexity Science ((EESCS,volume 11))

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Abstract

In the 2010s, extreme right-wing parties gained more popularity in member countries of the EU than academic scholars expected. The issue of migration, pertinent in each member country, led to the rise of the extreme right-wing parties. In particular, at the beginning of 2015, a split of opinion occurred between and within EU member countries regarding the acceptance of a large number of refugees into to the EU. In this situation, asylum seekers are considered a threat to national security, and the extreme right-wing parties that promoted an anti-immigrant mentality gained popularity among the people. In this regard, it is clear that the immigration control is related to not only an increasing welfare burden but also national security, which is a major problem in a political sphere for national sovereignty.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a similar theoretical framework, see Aglietta and Leron (2017). Some researchers have used a framework of “polity, policies, and politics” to analyze the dynamics in some policy fields. However, in the migration policy field, the framework has not yet been used in the analysis. For the multi-levels of rÕgulation, or governance, in the EU, see Boyer (2015). For more information on “Europeanization,” see Guiraudon (2010); Bretherton and Mannin (eds.) (2013).

  2. 2.

    In the 2000s, under the initiatives of the European Commission , the EU Family Reunification Directive (2003/86/EC) and the EU Blue Card Directive (2009/50/EC) were proposed, and the transposition of directives into domestic laws has been developed in the EU member states.

  3. 3.

    “External migration policy” in this article refers to an “external policy for migration.” In particular, we pay attention to the security issue aspect of migration policies, which has become increasingly important in repatriating illegal immigrants and border control.

  4. 4.

    The epoch-making research on EU common migration policies is Guiraudon (2000).

  5. 5.

    As for the implication of “Escape to Europe” and “Escape to Foreign Policy,” see Lavenex (2006).

  6. 6.

    See Jurje and Lavenex (2014).

  7. 7.

    See Kunz, Lavenex and Panizzon (eds.) (2012). “Multi-layered migration governance” refers to the multi-layered negotiations and agreements on migration in the EU external migration policies (Panizzon 2012). In this sense, the research coverage is different from that of the general framework of the EU multilevel governance which has been discussed by P. Schumitter and G. Marks.

  8. 8.

    As major Japanese literature on the EU and France, we refer to Yasue (2012) and Miyajima (2009).

  9. 9.

    This Ordonnance became a code of law, enacted as the “Code de l’entrée du séjour des étrangers et du droits d’asile (CEDEA)” by the Ordonnance on November 24, 2004.

  10. 10.

    OCDE (2017), Le recrutement des travailleurs immigrés: France 2017, Éditions OCDE, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264276741-fr p.292

  11. 11.

    In the cohabitation period in which the parties of the president and the parity of the majority in the parliament were different, it was the party of majority to organize the cabinet that took charge of migration policies.

  12. 12.

    Loi n° 2006-911 du 24 juillet 2006 relative à l’immigration et à l’intégration.

  13. 13.

    Website of the French Interior Ministry https://www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr/Europe-et-International/Les-accords-bilateraux/Presentation-generale-des-accords-bilateraux

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    As for “circulation immigrants” who are promoted to move by “Circulation visa,” see Tsuchiya (2009), pp.11–24, in which it is explained that the EU takes advantage of the resolution of labor shortage and that the immigrant-sending countries take advantage of money transfer and knowledge transmission.

  16. 16.

    Le gouvernement français (2008) “European pact on immigration and asylum version I Draft of 25.01.08” cmr.jur.ru.nl/cmr/docs/pacte.europeen.sarkozy.pdf

  17. 17.

    Council of the European Union (2008b).

  18. 18.

    Besides the three policies mentioned in this section, “the European Return Fund” was established in 2007, and organizations at the EU level provide financial support to send illegal immigrants back to their home countries.

  19. 19.

    European Council (1999) ‘Presidency Conclusions’ Tampere European Council, 15-16 October.

  20. 20.

    For the detailed information on the members and activities of the High-Level Working Group on Asylum and Migration (HLWG), see Okabe (2014).

  21. 21.

    European Commission (2011), p.2.

  22. 22.

    According to websites of European Commission (Migrations and Home Affairs DG) https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/irregular-migration-return-policy/return-readmission_en, EU has signed 17 agreements.

  23. 23.

    European Commission (2011).

  24. 24.

    Ibid., p. 6.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., p. 8.

  26. 26.

    By December 2016, the Mobility Partnership had been signed with Moldova, Cape Verde, Georgia, Almena, Azerbaijan, Tunisia, Jordan, and Belarus.

  27. 27.

    See Carrera et al. (2012), p.97.

  28. 28.

    Council, The Stockholm programme (17024/09). Brussels: Council of the European Union (2009)

  29. 29.

    Carrera et al. (2012), pp.97–115

  30. 30.

    These attempts and harmonization of laws are the primary subjects of research on “Europeanization ” research. See Faist and Ette (2007).

  31. 31.

    European Commission (2013), pp.9–17.

  32. 32.

    European Commission (2017b), p.1. In the area of the EU common migration policies including the measures against illegal immigrants, the EU directives are likely to imply optional clauses as they attempt to communalize the core elements of the sovereignty of the EU member states.

  33. 33.

    See La Cimade (2009).

  34. 34.

    Loi n° 81–1139 du 24 décembre 1981 autorisant l’approbation d’un accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la République du Sénégal sur la formation en vue du retour et de l’insertion dans l’économie sénégalaise des travailleurs ayant émigré temporairement en France Accord signé à Dakar le 1er décembre 1980.

  35. 35.

    See Chou and Gibert (2012), pp.409–427.

  36. 36.

    See European Commission (2017a). According to this document, 1,0300 irregular migrants arrived in Italy in 2016.

  37. 37.

    European Commission Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The European Council and the Council “Second Progress Report: First Deliverables on the Partnership Framework with third countries under the European Agenda on Migration (2016).

  38. 38.

    Ibid, p.6.

  39. 39.

    Accord entre le Gouvernement de la République Française et le Gouvernement de la République du Cap-Vert relatif à la gestion concertée des flux migratoires et au développement solidaire (ensemble trois annexes).

  40. 40.

    Council of the European Union (2008a).

  41. 41.

    In 2016, FRONTEX was reorganized and renamed as the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (EBCG).

  42. 42.

    Council Decision of October 7, 2013, on the Conclusion of the Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Cape Verde on the Readmission of Persons Residing without Authorization; OJ L282 of 24/10/2013, p. 13.

  43. 43.

    Accord Cadre relatif à la gestion concertée des migrations et au développement solidaire entre le Gouvernement de la République Française et le Gouvernement de la République Tunisienne.

  44. 44.

    European Commission (2014) “Déclaration conjointe pour le partenariat de mobilité entre la Tunisie, l’Union Européenne et ses Etas membres participants.”

  45. 45.

    European Commission (2017c), p.3.

  46. 46.

    See Lemma Project (Projet Lemma) which was launched in July 2016.

  47. 47.

    As for the dialogue processes on migration which are set by the EU, for example, there are the “Asia-Europe meeting on migration (ASEM)” and “EU-Africa Partnership on Migration, Mobility and Employment.”

  48. 48.

    Secrétariat général des affaires européennes (2011) Consultation relative à l Approche globale sur les migrations, Questionnaire.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Mitsuru Uemura

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  1. Mitsuru Uemura
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut des Amériques, Vanves, France

    Robert Boyer

  2. Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan

    Hiroyasu Uemura

  3. Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    Toshio Yamada

  4. Peking University, Beijing, China

    Lei Song

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Uemura, M. (2018). EU Multi-layered Migration Governance and the Externalization of French Migration Management: Analysis of Political Dynamics Driving the Construction of Complex Migration Regime. In: Boyer, R., Uemura, H., Yamada, T., Song, L. (eds) Evolving Diversity and Interdependence of Capitalisms. Evolutionary Economics and Social Complexity Science, vol 11. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55001-3_8

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