Abstract
Although the importance of landscape mosaicness for biodiversity has been repeatedly stressed in terrestrial ecosystems, the significance of its application in the ocean has rarely been addressed. This application appears to be particularly important in East and Southeast Asia because the coastal landscape is complicated by the presence of many islands and peninsulas. Here we review basic differences in environments between marine and terrestrial areas. We then explore how the presence of multiple landscape elements enhances the diversity of marine organisms. The additive effect of multiple landscape elements on the biodiversity of benthic organisms and fish appears to be widespread. Nonadditive or emergent effects of multiple landscape elements have been found for groups of organisms exhibiting ontogenetic or daily habitat changes, particularly for fish in tropical coastal areas. Processes of determining the biodiversity of fish may be hierarchically organized by different factors at different spatial scales. We also report advanced research on the effect of the terrestrial landscape on fish in coastal ecosystems. We propose that it is important to consider spatial and temporal scales as well as land–ocean relationships. Because landscape analysis of marine areas is still at an early stage, theories and techniques developed in terrestrial ecosystems will help us understand general principles underlying the generation of biodiversity in the ocean.
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Acknowledgments
This study is a contribution to the S-9 projects supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and Tohoku Ecosystem-Associated Marine Science supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology. We also would like to thank Hiroya Yamano giving us comments on this article.
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Yamakita, T., Miyashita, T. (2014). Landscape Mosaicness in the Ocean: Its Significance for Biodiversity Patterns in Benthic Organisms and Fish. In: Nakano, Si., Yahara, T., Nakashizuka, T. (eds) Integrative Observations and Assessments. Ecological Research Monographs(). Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_7
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