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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)

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Cognitive Neuroscience Robotics B

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Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a wide range of applications in medical diagnosis and preclinical research. MRI was invented about 40 years ago, and there are currently estimated to be over 25,000 scanners in the world. In general, contrast agents are not necessary for MRI and the soft tissue contrast of MRI is better than other imaging techniques. The important point is that MRI intensity depends on not only the concentration but also physico-chemical properties of molecules in tissues. In the first part of this chapter, several kinds of MRI techniques are described. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an application of magnetic resonance. The second part of this chapter is concerned with MRS. This technique provides information in metabolism non-invasively, and obtains spectra from a region of interest two- and three-dimensionally. Some physiological parameters, such as pH and temperature, can be estimated by the spectra. Applications of MRI and MRS are very broad, since many factors affect MRI signals. Functional MRI (fMRI) is an important application used widely in the neurosciences, human sciences, and economics, as well as in medical sciences. The major restriction of MRI is its long scan time. An accelerated technique is described in the last part of the chapter.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Yuki Mori, Ikuhiro Kida, Haruyuki Fukuchi, Masaki Fukunaga & Yoshichika Yoshioka

  2. Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka, Japan

    Yuki Mori, Ikuhiro Kida, Haruyuki Fukuchi, Masaki Fukunaga & Yoshichika Yoshioka

Authors
  1. Yuki Mori
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  2. Ikuhiro Kida
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  3. Haruyuki Fukuchi
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  4. Masaki Fukunaga
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  5. Yoshichika Yoshioka
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshichika Yoshioka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Masashi Kasaki

  2. Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Hiroshi Ishiguro

  3. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Minoru Asada

  4. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience Robotics, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Mariko Osaka

  5. Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Takashi Fujikado

Exercises

Exercises

  1. 1.

    What is nuclear magnetic moment?

  2. 2.

    What is resonance?

  3. 3.

    What is the resonance frequency of proton at 1.5 T?

  4. 4.

    What is the chemical shift?

  5. 5.

    What is the longitudinal relaxation time?

  6. 6.

    What is the transverse relaxation time?

  7. 7.

    What limits the resolution of MRI?

  8. 8.

    Why is the gradient coil necessary for MRI?

  9. 9.

    What is the contrast agent for MRI?

  10. 10.

    What factors influence water diffusion?

  11. 11.

    What is the Nyquist frequency?

  12. 12.

    What is the wavelet transformation?

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Mori, Y., Kida, I., Fukuchi, H., Fukunaga, M., Yoshioka, Y. (2016). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). In: Kasaki, M., Ishiguro, H., Asada, M., Osaka, M., Fujikado, T. (eds) Cognitive Neuroscience Robotics B. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54598-9_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54598-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-54597-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-54598-9

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