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Primates and Cetaceans pp 409–431Cite as

A Mix of Species: Associations of Heterospecifics Among Primates and Dolphins

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Abstract

Among mammals, associations of two or more species are likely to involve taxa that are also gregarious intraspecifically, such as primates and delphinids. Although these two groups generally differ in habitat, diet, and the stability of their social units, they share mixed-species association as a conspicuous aspect of their behavior. We compare the general features of such associations in both groups and review the evidence for particular adaptive explanations and proximate mechanisms. On the whole, delphinid associations seem more likely to involve fluid individual membership and hybridization. Random chance seems unlikely to explain many associations in both taxa, but it can be challenging to rule out a shared attraction to environmental features as a driver. Both antipredator and foraging-benefit functions of mixed-species grouping are more directly supported for primates than for dolphins but are plausible adaptive explanations for both groups. Costs of association are better supported in primates, which face feeding competition and increased energetic burden; for dolphins, these costs appear to be minimal, and direct heterospecific social interactions, including harassment, may be more important. Vocal and visual signals may mediate associations, but comparatively little is known about such proximate mechanisms in comparison to adaptive function. Future study of delphinid associations will benefit from some of the approaches taken by primatologists, including the comparison of animals in and out of association, the correlation of association with environmental variables, and the comparison of different communities with different demographic or ecological characteristics.

figure a

A dusky dolphin (right) and common dolphin (left) swim closely together in a mixed-species group in Admiralty Bay, New Zealand. (Photograph credit: Chris Pearson)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA

    Marina Cords

  2. Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA

    Bernd Würsig

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  1. Marina Cords
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Correspondence to Marina Cords .

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  1. Graduate School of Science Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

  2. The Swire Institute of Marine Science School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, Hong Kong SAR

    Leszek Karczmarski

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Cords, M., Würsig, B. (2014). A Mix of Species: Associations of Heterospecifics Among Primates and Dolphins. In: Yamagiwa, J., Karczmarski, L. (eds) Primates and Cetaceans. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54523-1_21

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