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How Ecological Conditions Affect the Abundance and Social Organization of Folivorous Monkeys

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Primates and Cetaceans

Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

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Abstract

A fundamental issue in ecology is identifying factors influencing animal density, and this issue has taken on new significance with the need to develop informed conservation plans for threatened species. With primates, this issue is critical, because tropical forests are undergoing rapid transformation. Similarly, a fundamental question in behavioral ecology is understanding how ecological conditions shape the social organizations of animals. During the past two decades, our research group has been investigating the ecological variables influencing the abundance and social structure of two folivorous monkey species, the red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus) and the black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We have documented much variation in the abundance of these colobus monkeys over very small spatial scales. This variation is partially caused by variation in quality of the food resources, particularly the availability of high-protein resources relative to their fiber content. However, this is not the whole story, and minerals, disease, and the interaction between disease and stress also appear to play important roles. Further, despite examining all these factors over multiple decades, our understanding is too limited to explain observed changes in colobine abundance over the past 40 years. Emerging from our studies of determinants of primate abundance were investigations of feeding competition. Our findings suggest that, counter to previous claims, feeding competition is occurring in these folivores, and if food competition proves to be biologically significant for folivores, our interpretations of primate behavior will need to be refined, and current theoretical models of primate social organization may need revision.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by the Canada Research Chairs Program, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Canada, and the National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S.A. (SBR-990899). J.F.G. was supported by a Graduate Research Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research’s Systems Biology Training Program, an Explorers Club–Eddie Bauer Youth Grant, and a Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science Excellence Award. Permission to conduct this research was given by the Office of the President, Uganda, the National Council for Science and Technology, and the Uganda Wildlife Authority. Many people provided assistance or helpful comments on this research, including Lauren Chapman, Karen Bjorndal, Tom Gillespie, Ellis Greiner, Daphne Onderdonk, Mike Huffman, Mike Wasserman, and Toni Zeigler. Ellis Greiner aided in parasite identification.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2T7

    Colin A. Chapman

  2. Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA

    Colin A. Chapman

  3. Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2T7

    Tamaini V. Snaith

  4. Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2T7

    Jan F. Gogarten

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  1. Colin A. Chapman
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Correspondence to Colin A. Chapman .

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  1. Graduate School of Science Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Juichi Yamagiwa

  2. The Swire Institute of Marine Science School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, Hong Kong SAR

    Leszek Karczmarski

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Chapman, C.A., Snaith, T.V., Gogarten, J.F. (2014). How Ecological Conditions Affect the Abundance and Social Organization of Folivorous Monkeys. In: Yamagiwa, J., Karczmarski, L. (eds) Primates and Cetaceans. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54523-1_1

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