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Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1 pp 21–57Cite as

Neandertal-Modern Human Contact in Western Eurasia: Issues of Dating, Taxonomy, and Cultural Associations

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Part of the book series: Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series ((RNMH))

Abstract

Supporting Assimilation views of Neandertal/modern human interaction, chronostratigraphic reasoning indicates that the “transitional” industries of Europe predate modern human immigration, in agreement with their association with Neandertals in the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne and St.-Césaire. Supporting the Neandertals' species separateness and less developed cognition, those industries are alternatively claimed to relate to pioneer groups of modern humans; the latter would have been the true makers of the precocious instances of symbolic material culture that, under Assimilation, are assigned to the Neandertals. However, the taxonomy of the Kent's Cavern and Grotta del Cavallo dental remains is uncertain, and their poor stratigraphic context precludes dating by association. The opposite happens at the Grotte du Renne, whose stratigraphic integrity is corroborated by both taphonomy and dating. Not questioning that the Early Ahmarian is a cultural proxy for modern humans and a source for the Protoaurignacian of Europe, its claimed emergence ~46–49 ka ago at Kebara reflects the dating of Middle Paleolithic charcoal—to be expected, because the Early Ahmarian units at the back of the cave are made up of reworked Middle Paleolithic sediments derived from the entrance. The dating of inherited material also explains the old results for the Aurignacian of Willendorf II and Geissenklösterle. At the latter, the dates on anthropically modified samples of the hunted taxa (reindeer and horse) place its Aurignacian occupations in the same time range as elsewhere in Europe, after ~40 ka ago. The hypothesis that Neandertal/modern human contact in Europe resulted in a process of assimilation in connection with the spread of the Protoaurignacian ~41.5 ka ago remains unfalsified.

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Acknowledgments

I thank the organizers of the Tokyo conference on the “Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning” (November 18–24, 2012) for their invitation to participate in such an instructive event. I am especially grateful to Ofer Bar-Yosef for his assistance in obtaining the material from the Kebara archive reproduced here. Paul Bahn, William Banks, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Francesco d'Errico, Alistair Pike, Nicolas Teyssandier, Erik Trinkaus and an anonymous reviewer read preliminary versions of the manuscript and offered valuable comments and/or critique. As usual, any errors or omissions are my own.

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  1. Departament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia, University of Barcelona/ICREA, C/Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain

    João Zilhão

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  1. Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-shi, Kochi, Japan

    Takeru Akazawa

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    Yoshihiro Nishiaki

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    Kenichi Aoki

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Zilhão, J. (2013). Neandertal-Modern Human Contact in Western Eurasia: Issues of Dating, Taxonomy, and Cultural Associations. In: Akazawa, T., Nishiaki, Y., Aoki, K. (eds) Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54511-8_3

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