Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) transplantation with a special focus on their effect on macrophage activation after SCI. The transplanted MSC migrated within the injured spinal cord without differentiating into glial or neuronal elements. MSC transplantation was associated with marked changes in the SCI environment, with significant increases in IL-4 and IL-13 levels reductions in TNF-α and IL-6 levels. This was associated simultaneously with increased numbers of alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype: arginase-1 or CD206-positive) and decreased numbers of classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype: iNOS or CD16/32-positive). These changes were associated with functional locomotor recovery in the MSC-transplanted group, which correlated with preserved axons, less scar tissue formation, and increased myelin sparring. Our results suggested that acute transplantation of MSC after SCI modified the inflammatory environment by shifting the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2 and that this may reduce the effects of the inhibitory scar tissue in the subacute/chronic phase after injury to provide a permissive environment for axonal extension and functional recovery.
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Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid to HN, KU, and HB for General Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (grants numbers 21591895, 21791389, 22390287, and 23791631). This study was also supported by Grant of Japan Orthopaedics and Traumatology Foundation (No.218).
Conflict of Interest All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Nakajima, H. et al. (2014). Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow in the Injured Spinal Cord. In: Uchida, K., Nakamura, M., Ozawa, H., Katoh, S., Toyama, Y. (eds) Neuroprotection and Regeneration of the Spinal Cord. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54502-6_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54502-6_23
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