Abstract
Ceramics have been used since ancient times in a variety of everyday items that need to be thermally resistant. With regard to thermal properties, priority is placed on low thermal expansion characteristics. A variety of scientific and technological achievements in ceramics have been incorporated. Everyday items that have been contributing to society, as well as to products used in the jewelry field, are introduced in this section.
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Notes
- 1.
Note 22.1 A forming method in which the material is heated and melt extruded in the form of a tube, which is held between dies, blowing air inside to create a hollow part.
- 2.
Note 22.2 The material consisting mainly of carbonate is melted at a temperature of 1,300°C, and the molten glass is wrapped around a hollow ceramic part called a sleeve. Hot air is supplied from behind the sleeve and the sleeve is drawn in the horizontal direction to create a tube.
- 3.
Note 22.3 The material is melted and drawn toward the bottom. There is also the up draw method.
- 4.
Note 22.4 Molten glass is own into a die and press formed by a machine to form a glass product.
- 5.
Note 22.5 The characteristics of light sources such as lamps that affect the visibility of objects are called color rendering properties. The color chart for evaluation is lit by the standard light specified by JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) and the light to be evaluated, and the deviation in color is quantified and expressed by the color rendering index [average color rendering index (Ra) and special color rendering index (R9–R15)]. Ra of the standard light is 100 and higher values indicate better color visibility.
- 6.
Note 22.6 Known as luminance efficiency or lamp efficiency and expressed by total ux per unit electric power lm/W (lumen per watt). Efficiencies of major light sources are 40–110 lm/W for uorescent lamps, 10–18 lm/W for incandescent light bulbs, 20 lm/W for halogen light bulbs and 50–130 lm/W for HID (high intensity discharge) lamps.
- 7.
Note 22.7 A type of high-pressure electrical discharge lamp. Light with balanced RGB (high color rendering property) can be emitted by using metal halides featuring a variety of emission spectra from different luminous materials.
- 8.
Note 22.8 The value obtained by dividing the amount of light (light ux) by consumed power. Expressed in 1 m (lumen: unit of light ux)/W.
- 9.
Note 22.9 A term used to express the color visibility of objects. When an object is illuminated by a light source with a high color rendering property, the color visibility becomes closer to the color visibility in sunlight.
- 10.
Note 22.10 When a platinum wire coil coated with a catalyst is heated and brought into contact with a gas, the gas and oxygen react with the catalyst, generating heat. The temperature of the platinum wire coil increases, leading to an increase in the resistance value of the platinum wire. The resistance value is measured and varies in proportion to the detected gas concentration.
- 11.
Note 22.11 The sensor has an operating electrode and a reference electrode on each side of the solid electrolyte. When gas concentration on the operating electrode rises, electromotive force attributable to eccentrically-located ions develops between the two electrodes. The electromotive force is converted to electrical signals for gas detection.
- 12.
Note 22.12 Stands for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. Indicates a micro-electro mechanical elements and technologies for creating them.
- 13.
Note 22.13 Formed body in the shape of a tape, made from slurry, a mixture of ceramic powder, organic binders, by using a forming machine.
- 14.
Note 22.14 One of the ceramic forming methods. Slurry, a mixture of ceramic powder and organic binders, is fed through a gap between a film and a blade (doctor blade) to form a tape-shaped ceramic sheet.
- 15.
Note 22.15 When a space shuttle makes its re-entry into the atmosphere, the maximum temperature at the tip of the nose reaches 1,600°C. Special tiles were developed to protect the body from this high temperature. The tiles are made by solidifying silica glass fibers with a specific weight of 0.12 and have a high thermal insulation value and thermal resistance. Some insulation tiles were repaired on the space shuttle in 2005 during a mission by Soichi Noguchi, a Japanese astronaut.
- 16.
Note 22.16 The tiles are made by scratching the surface with a jig having nails arranged in a line. In Japan, they were first used by Frank Lloyd Wright on the exterior of the former main building of the Imperial Hotel.
- 17.
Note 22.17 Bricks are ceramic materials that are used as structural materials of masonry buildings, while tiles are ceramic materials used as surface finishing materials and do not function as structural materials. Many of the exterior tiles used today are similar to bricks in appearance.
- 18.
Note 22.18 Terracotta generally means unglazed sculptures, but in construction terms, they indicate complex shaped and large ceramic construction materials used on exterior walls of buildings. Long cylindrical or board-shaped ceramic materials used as louvers of buildings, etc. are sometimes called terracotta.
- 19.
Note 22.19 Infrared rays within the wavelength of 3 μm to 1 mm are defined as far-infrared rays.
- 20.
Note 22.20 The ratio between the amount of energy released from the surface of a substance of a certain temperature and the amount of energy released from an imaginary object that absorbs 100% of the energy supplied by a black body at the same temperature.
- 21.
Note 22.21 Eyeglass lenses are optical lenses that take advantage of refraction and reection of light. They are used mainly for vision correction, ocular correction and eye protection. The functions are realized with a combination of elemental technologies involving designs, materials, surface treatments (including anti-reection films), etc. They are shaped to fit into frames, which are manufactured in consideration for fashion, etc. All required performance is contained in each of the lenses that constitute eyeglasses.
- 22.
Note 22.22 Abbe number is an index for evaluation of color dispersion (change in refraction index responding to the change in wavelength) in transparent bodies.
- 23.
Note 22.23 AR stands for Anti-reection. An AR coating reduces reflectance of stray light on the lens surface and increases the transmitted light utilizing the interference principle of light. It also removes trouble such as the generation of double images called ghosts (virtual images), which are caused light reflected by the lens surface and prevent clear vision. The AR coatings can be a monolayer or multilayer film coatings.
- 24.
Note 22.24 Phase conditions are expressed by N1d = λ/4 (N1: refractive index of thin film, d: thickness of thin film, λ: wavelength). For prevention of reflection, the optical length of the thin film needs to be 1/4 of the wavelength of the light. This is called the phase condition.
- 25.
Note 22.25 The amplitude condition is expressed by the expression.
- 26.
Note 22.26 Fremy et al. succeeded in synthesis by the flux method, but did not succeed in commercialization, because the synthetic ruby was more expensive than natural ruby due to the expensive cost. Meanwhile, Verneuil developed the Verneuil method (flame-melting method) and succeeded in commercialization.
- 27.
Note 22.27 Bragg diffraction: diffraction observed when the Brag diffraction condition nλ = 2 dsinθ is satisfied. Angle of the incident light corresponds to θ and grain diameter corresponds to d. The spectrum of wave length λ and the color tones are changed by adjusting θ and d.
- 28.
Note 22.27 Bragg diffraction: diffraction observed when the Brag diffraction condition nλ = 2 dsinθ is satisfied. Angle of the incident light corresponds to θ and grain diameter corresponds to d. The spectrum of wave length λ and the color tones are changed by adjusting θ and d.
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The Ceramic Society of Japan. (2012). Everyday Ceramic Items. In: Advanced Ceramic Technologies & Products. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54108-0_22
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54108-0_22
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