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Functional Evolution of Primate Odorant Receptors

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Post-Genome Biology of Primates

Part of the book series: Primatology Monographs ((PrimMono))

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Abstract

The olfactory system provides excellent models for evaluating primate adaptation to diverse and changing environments because the olfactory receptors are imperative in determining odor perception and in modulating species-specific behaviors. Consistent with this, chemosensory receptors including the odorant receptors (OR) are among the fastest evolving genes in animals. Although extensive bioinformatic analyses of OR sequences in primates have been conducted, little is known about the functional changes of individual receptors during evolution. Using heterologous cell systems, functional evaluation of ORs in primate evolution has become increasingly feasible. Orthologues of ORs can be cloned from different species, and functional analysis of these orthologues and their nonsynonymous changes should reveal OR responses to the cognate ligands and sites causing increases or decreases in sensitivity, as well as changes in ligand selectivity of the ORs. Functionally important residues can be used to evaluate sites with evidence of natural selection as predicted by existing computational analyses.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Adenylyl cyclase

ATP:

Adenosine-5′-triphosphate

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CNG:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated

dN:

Number of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site

dS:

Number of synonymous nucleotide substitutions per synonymous site

FPR:

Formyl peptide receptor

GC-D:

Guanylyl cyclase type D

GPCR:

Heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptor

Gαolf :

Olfactory heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunit

GTP:

Guanosine-5′-triphosphate

NWM:

New World monkey

OR:

Olfactory receptor

OWM:

Old World monkey

RTP:

Receptor transport protein

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TM:

Transmembrane

TAAR:

Trace amine-associated receptor

V1R:

Vomeronasal type I receptor

V2R:

Vomeronasal type II receptor

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Dr. Hirohisa Hirai, Dr. Hiroo Imai, and Dr. Yasuhiro Go for their invitation to contribute to the book. Our work described here is supported by National Institutes of Health, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Chinese National Natural Science Foundation, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai Education Development Foundation, and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Kaylin A. Adipietro & Hiroaki Matsunami

  2. Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Hiroaki Matsunami

  3. Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Hanyi Zhuang

  4. Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Hanyi Zhuang

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  1. Kaylin A. Adipietro
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  2. Hiroaki Matsunami
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  3. Hanyi Zhuang
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Correspondence to Hiroaki Matsunami .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan

    Hirohisa Hirai

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Bio., Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan

    Hiroo Imai

  3. Kyoto University, Primates Research Institute, Kanbayashi, Inuyama, 484-8506, Aichi, Japan

    Yasuhiro Go

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Adipietro, K.A., Matsunami, H., Zhuang, H. (2012). Functional Evolution of Primate Odorant Receptors. In: Hirai, H., Imai, H., Go, Y. (eds) Post-Genome Biology of Primates. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54011-3_5

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