Abstract
Parentage analyses can reveal hidden reproductive interactions between individuals that are not social partners. Extra-pair mating is a special case of promiscuity where social pair bonds exist and persist despite copulations with multiple partners by one or both pair members. The relevance of extra-pair interactions in reshaping social mating systems varies among species. In some species or populations, extra-pair matings are no more than exceptional events (e.g., Dearborn et al. 2001; Egger et al.2006), whereas in others extra-pair paternity (EPP) is a phenomenon that cannot be ignored when describing mating patterns because of a substantial discrepancy between the observable apparent mating system and the actually realized mating system (e.g., Double and Cockburn 2003; Sefc et al. 2008). Extra-pair copulations (EPCs) are of special interest in socially monogamous species where promiscuity is otherwise absent. Pair bonding and social monogamy are relatively rare – except in birds (Lack 1968, p. 148) – yet occur in a wide range of animal taxa (e.g., Caldwell 1997; Kvarnemo et al. 2000; Baeza 2008; Steinauer 2009). However, social monogamy frequently goes hand in hand with multiple mating (e.g., Griffith et al. 2002; Chapple 2003; Lodé and Lesbarrères 2004; Cohas and Allainé2009).
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Robert Schlicht for extensive help with mathematical issues and to James Dale, Kaspar Delhey, and Wolfgang Forstmeier for valuable comments on this chapter.
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1 Appendix
References for Tables 1 and 2: 1, Hasselquist et al. (1995); 2, Gibbs et al. (1990); 3, Westneat (1993), fitness components calculated by Webster et al. (1995); 4, Weatherhead and Boag (1997); 5, Albrecht et al. (2007); 6, Kempenaers et al. (1992); 7, Delhey et al. (2003); 8, Whittingham and Lifjeld (1995), fitness components calculated by Whittingham and Dunn (2005); 9, Webster et al. (2001); 10, Byers et al. (2004); 11, Yezerinac et al. (1995), “lower bound estimate”; 12, Sheldon and Ellegren (1999); 13, Whittingham and Dunn (2005); 14, Kleven et al. (2006); 15, Møller and Tegelström (1997) and Møller and Ninni (1998); 16, Richardson and Burke (2001); 17, Ketterson et al. (1997); 18, Johnsen et al. (2001); 19, Webster et al. (2004, 2007); 20, O’Connor et al. (2006), averaged over years; 21, Freeman-Gallant et al. (2005); 22, Otter et al. (1998) and Whittingham and Dunn (2005); 23, Wagner et al. (1996) and Møller and Ninni (1998); 24, Balenger et al. (2009); 25, Kempenaers et al. (2001), among residents; 26, Whittingham and Dunn (2005); 27, Dolan et al. (2007); 28, Stutchbury et al. (1997); 29, Westneat (2006); 30, Freeman-Gallant et al. (2009); 31, Lawler (2007) and Lawler et al. (2003).
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Schlicht, E., Kempenaers, B. (2011). Extra-Pair Paternity and Sexual Selection. In: Inoue-Murayama, M., Kawamura, S., Weiss, A. (eds) From Genes to Animal Behavior. Primatology Monographs. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_2
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