Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia pp 54–78Cite as

Psychotic features in the general population. Risk factors for what?

  • Conference paper

Abstract

For clinical purposes, psychosis is defined as a discrete entity that can be identified by applying certain criteria. This does not mean, however, that this condition exists as such in nature. Disease at the level of the general population generally exists as a continuum of severity rather than an all-or-none phenomenon (Rose and Barker 1978). Evidence that variation in the psychosis phenotype can be better represented by the concept of a continuum comes from studies measuring psychotic symptoms in the general population (Claridge et al. 1996; Peters et al. 1999; Tien, 1991; Van Os et al. 1999, 200; Verdoux et al. 1998). These studies have found that the positive symptoms of psychosis are prevalent in the general population and show a similar pattern of correlation with each other as their equivalents do in clinical psychotic disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alford BA, Beck AT (1994) Cognitive therapy of delusional beliefs. Behav Res Ther 32:369–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W, Delespaul P, Van Os J (2003) When does experience of psychosis result in need for care? A prospective general population study. Schizophr Bull 429:349–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bak M, van der Spil F, Gunther N, Radstake S, Delespaul P, van Os J (2001a) Maastricht Assessment of Coping Strategies (MACS-I): a brief instrument to assess coping with psychotic symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 103:453–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bak M, van der Spil F, Gunther N, Radstake S, Delespaul P, van Os J (2001b) MACS-II: does coping enhance subjective control over psychotic symptoms? Acta Psychiatr Scand 103:460–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CA, Morrison AP (1998) Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations: attributional biases and metacognition. Psychol Med 28:1199–1208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press. New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentall RP, Baker GA, Havers S (1991) Reality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations. Br J Clin Psychol 30:213–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentall RP, Kaney S (1989) Content specific information processing and persecutory delusions: an investigation using the emotional Stroop test. Br J Med Psychol 62: 355–364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentall RP, Kinderman P, Kaney S (1994) The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: towards a model of persecutory delusions. Behav Res Ther 32:331–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bijl RV, Ravelli A, van Zessen G (1998a) Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33:587–595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bijl RV, van Zessen G, Ravelli A, de Rijk C, Langendoen Y (1998b) The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): objectives and design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33:581–586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood M, Chadwick P (1997) The omnipotence of voices: testing the validity of a cognitive model. Psychol Med 27:1345–1353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boschi S, Adams RE, Bromet EJ, Lavelle JE, Everett E, Galambos N (2000) Coping with psychotic symptoms in the early phases of schizophrenia. Am J Orthopsychiatry 70:242–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr V (1988) Patients’ techniques for coping with schizophrenia: an exploratory study. Br J Med Psychol 61(Pt 4):339–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick P, Birchwood M (1994) The omnipotence of voices. A cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations. Br J Psychiatry 164:190–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Kwapil TR, Eckblad M, Zinser MC (1994) Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. J Abnorm Psychol 103:171–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman LJ, Edell WS, Chapman JP (1980) Physical anhedonia, perceptual aberration, and psychosis proneness. Schizophr Bull 6:639–653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claridge G (1997) Schizotypy; implications for illness and health. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Claridge G, McCreery C, Mason O, Bentall R, Boyle G, Slade P, Popplewell D (1996) The factor structure of “schizotypal” traits: a large replication study. Br J Clin Psychol 35:103–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD (1995) Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 17:5–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Weiser M, Kaplan Z, Mark M (1999) Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 156:1328–1335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley RE, John CH, Young AW, Over DE (1997) Normal and abnormal reasoning in people with delusions. Br J Clin Psychol 36:243–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton WW, Romanoski A, Anthony JC, Nestadt G (1991) Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview. J Nery Ment Dis 179:689–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellason JW, Ross CA (1997) Childhood trauma and psychiatric symptoms. Psychol Rep 80:447–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escher S, Romme M, Buiks A, Delespaul P, Van Os J (2002) Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: a prospective study. Am J Med Genet 114: 913–920

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falloon IR (1992) Early intervention for first episodes of schizophrenia: a preliminary exploration. Psychiatry 55:4–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fear C, Sharp H, Healy D (1996) Cognitive processes in delusional disorders. Br J Psychiatry 168:61–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman D, Garety PA (1999) Worry, worry processes and dimensions of delusions: an exploratory investigation of a role for anxiety processes in the maintenance of delusional distress. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 27:47–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E (2001) Persecutory delusions: developing the understanding of belief maintenance and emotional distress. Psychol Med 31:1293–1306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frith CD, Corcoran R (1996) Exploring ‘theory of mind’ in people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 26:521–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garety P, Hemsley D (1994) Delusions: investigations into the psychology of delusional reasoning. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Garety PA, Freeman D (1999) Cognitive approaches to delusions: a critical review of theories and evidence. Br J Clin Psychol 38:113–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garety PA, Hemsley DR, Wessely S (1991) Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients. Biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. J Nery Ment Dis 179:194–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington PE (2001) A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychol Med 31:189–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg D, Huxley P (1980) Mental illness in the community: the pathway to psychiatric care. Tavistock Publications, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould RA, Mueser KT, Bolton E, Mays V, Goff D (2001) Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: an effect size analysis. Schizophr Res 48:335–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddock G, Morrison AP, Hopkins R, Lewis S, Tarrier N (1998) Individual cognitive behavioural interventions in early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl)172:101–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H (1988) What is schizophrenia? Changing perspectives in epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 238:63–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H (1989) Application of epidemiological research toward a model for the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2:375–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häfner H, Loftier W, Maurer K, Hambrecht M, an der Heiden W (1999) Depression, negative symptoms, social stagnation and social decline in the early course of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100:105–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen M, Bak M, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W, van Os J (2002) Outcome of self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: a prospective study. (Submitted manuscript)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W, Van Os J (2003) Self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: a valid screening tool for DSM-III-R psychotic disorders? Acta Psychiatr Scand 107:369–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen M, Krabbendam L, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, van Os J (2003) The role of distress in delusion formation. Br J Psychiatry (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennekens CH, Buring JE (1987) Epidemiology in medicine. Little, Brown and Company. Boston Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Honi A, Romme MA, Ensink BJ, Escher SD, Pennings MH, deVries MW (1998) Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients. J Nery Ment Dis 186:646–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hultman CM, Wieselgren IM, Ohman A (1997) Relationships between social support, social coping and life events in the relapse of schizophrenic patients. Scand J Psychol 38:3–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen I, Hanssen M, Bak M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, McKenzie K, van Os J (2003c) Discrimination and delusional ideation. Br J Psychiatry 182:71–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R, van Os J (2003b) Childhood abuse as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Jolles J, van Os J (2003a). Alterations in theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic relatives. Acta Psychiatr Scand 108:110–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns LC, van Os J (2001) The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin Psychol Rev 21:1125–1141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinderman P, Bentall RP (1997) Causal attributions in paranoia and depression: internal, personal, and situational attributions for negative events. J Abnorm Psychol 106:341–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klosterkotter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, Schultze-Lutter F (2001) Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:158–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Bak M, van Os J (2002a) Hallucinatory experiences and onset of psychotic disorder: evidence that the risk is mediated by delusion formation. (Submitted manuscript)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Hanssen M, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, van Os J (2002b) Depressed mood predicts onset of psychotic disorder in individuals who report hallucinatory experiences. (Submitted manuscript)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwapil TR, Miller MB, Zinser MC, Chapman J, Chapman LJ (1997) Magical ideation and social anhedonia as predictors of psychosis proneness: a partial replication. J Abnorm Psychol 106:491–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen TK, Friis S, Haahr U, Joa I, Johannessen JO, Melle I, Opjordsmoen S, Simonsen E, Vaglum P (2001) Early detection and intervention in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 103:323–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukoff D, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J (1986) Manual for the expanded brief psychiatric rating scale. Schizophr Bull 12:594–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukoff D, Snyder K, Ventura J, Nuechterlein KH (1984) Life events, familial stress, and coping in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 10:258–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maher BA (1974) Delusional thinking and perceptual disorder. J Individ Psychol 30:98–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maher BA (1988) Anomalous experience and delusional thinking: the logic of explanations. In: Oltmanns TF, Maher BA (eds) Delusional Beliefs. Wiley, New York, pp 77–114

    Google Scholar 

  • McGorry PD, McFarlane C, Patton GC, Bell R, Hibbert ME, Jackson HJ, Bowes G (1995) The prevalence of prodromal features of schizophrenia in adolescence: a preliminary survey. Acta Psychiatr Scand 92:241–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGorry PD, Yung A, Phillips L (2001) Ethics and early intervention in psychosis: keeping up the pace and staying in step. Schizophr Res 51:17–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AP (2001) The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: an integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 29:257–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison AP, Baker CA (2000) Intrusive thoughts and auditory hallucinations: a comparative study of intrusions in psychosis. Behav Res Ther 38:1097–1106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson IR, Neufeld RW (1992) A dynamic vulnerability perspective on stress and schizophrenia. Am J Orthopsychiatry 62:117–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME (1984) A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophr Bull 10:300–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overall JE, Gorham DE (1962) The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 10:799–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters ER, Joseph SA, Garety PA (1999) Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: introducing the PDI (Peters et al, Delusions Inventory). Schizophr-Bull 25:553–576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips LJ, Yung AR, McGorry PD (2000) Identification of young people at risk of psychosis: validation of personal assessment and crisis evaluation clinic intake criteria. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34(Suppl):S164–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H (2000) Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1053–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romme MA, Honig A, Noorthoorn EO, Escher AD (1992) Coping with hearing voices: an emancipatory approach. Br J Psychiatry 161:99–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose G, Barker DJ (1978) Epidemiology for the uninitiated. What is a case? Dichotomy or continuum? Br Med J 2:873–874

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB (1997) Evidence-based medicine. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Slade M, Phelan M, Thornicroft G, Parkman S (1996) The Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN): comparison of assessments by staff and patients of the needs of the severely mentally ill. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 31:109–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), I: history, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:624–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Susser ES, Struening EL (1990) Diagnosis and screening for psychotic disorders in a study of the homeless. Schizophr Bull 16:133–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tien AY (1991) Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 26:287–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch RJ, Rombouts RP (1997) Coping and cognition in schizophrenia and depression. Compr Psychiatry 38:341–344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A (2000) Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophr Res 45:11–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Os J, Verdoux H, Maurice Tison S, Gay B, Liraud F, Salamon R, Bourgeois M (1999) Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34:459–463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdoux H (2001) Have the times come for early intervention in psychosis? Acta Psychiatr Scand 103:321–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verdoux H, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Van Os J, Salomon R, Bourgeois ML (1998) A survey of delusional ideation in primary-care patients. Psychol Med 28:127–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollrath M, Alnaes R, Torgersen S (1994) Coping and MCMI-II symptom scales. J Clin Psychol 50:727–736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1990) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI); Version 1.0. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Lydia Krabbendam, Manon Hanssen, Maarten Bak & Jim Van Os

  2. Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK

    Jim Van Os

Authors
  1. Lydia Krabbendam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manon Hanssen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maarten Bak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jim Van Os
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department and Institute of Psychiatry - Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 3671, 05403-010, São Paulo - SP, Brazil

    Wagner F. Gattaz M.D. (Full Professor of Psychiatry & Director of the Laboratory of Neuroscience) (Full Professor of Psychiatry & Director of the Laboratory of Neuroscience)

  2. University of Heidelberg, 122120, 68072, Mannheim, Germany

    Heinz Häfner (Prof.em.of Psychiatry, Director em., Head) (Prof.em.of Psychiatry, Director em., Head)

  3. Central Institute of Mental Health, 122120, 68072, Mannheim, Germany

    Heinz Häfner (Prof.em.of Psychiatry, Director em., Head) (Prof.em.of Psychiatry, Director em., Head)

  4. Schizophrenia Research Unit, 122120, 68072, Mannheim, Germany

    Heinz Häfner (Prof.em.of Psychiatry, Director em., Head) (Prof.em.of Psychiatry, Director em., Head)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Krabbendam, L., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Van Os, J. (2004). Psychotic features in the general population. Risk factors for what?. In: Gattaz, W.F., Häfner, H. (eds) Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia. Steinkopff, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1953-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1953-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Steinkopff, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62331-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7985-1953-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation