Auszug
Jede Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit und Belastbarkeit setzt neben der Kenntnis unterschiedlicher klinischer Befunde und Messwerte eine Belastungsuntersuchung voraus. Diese erfolgt in der Regel mit simultaner EKGRegistrierung (sog. Belastungs-EKG) und Blutdruckmessung als laborgestützte Fahrrad- oder Laufbandergometrie. Auf der Basis von Belastungsuntersuchungen kann eine Einschätzung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit vorgenommen werden, die sich aus der Analyse der ergometrischen Messdaten ergibt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit kann durchaus abweichen von der Belastbarkeit, definiert als (sichere) Belastungsintensität, die frei von Symptomen oder anderen verdächtigen klinischen Zeichen bleibt.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Ahmaidi S, Hardy JM, Varray A, Collomp K, Mercier J, Préfaut C (1993) Respiratory gas exchange indices used to detect the blood lactate accumulation threshold during an incremental exercise test in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 66:31–36
Anderson G, Rhodes EC (1991) The relationship between blood lactate and excess CO2 in elite cyclists. J Sports Sci 9:173–181
Aunola S, Rusko H (1984) Reproducibility of aerobic and anaerobic thresholds in 20–50 year old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 53:260–266
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 60:2020–2027
Belardinelli R, Scocco V, Mazzanti M, Purcaro A (1992) [Effects of aerobic training in patients with moderate chronic heart failure]. G Ital Cardiol 22:919–930
Bergh U, Sjodin B, Forsberg A, Svedenhag J (1991) The relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake during running in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:205–211
Bevegard S, Holmgren A, Jonsson B (1963) Circulatory studies in well trained athletes at rest and during heavy exercise, with special reference to stroke volume and the influence of body position. Acta Physiol Scand 57:26–50
Borg G, Noble B (1974) Perceived exertion. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 2:131–153
Bruce RA (1971) Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease. Principles and normal standards for evaluation. Ann Clin Res 3:323–332
Buchfuhrer MJ, Hansen JE, Robinson TE, Sue DY, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ (1983) Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. J Appl Physiol 55:1558–1564
Bunc V, Heller J, Leso J (1988) Kinetics of heart rate responses to exercise. J Sports Sci 6:39–48
Cheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder AC, Keizer HA, Jeukendrup A, Hesselink M (1992) A new approach for the determination of ventilatory and lactate thresholds. Int J Sports Med 13:518–522
Coen B (1997) Individuelle anaerobe Schwelle — Methodik und Anwendung in der sportmedizinischen Leistungsdiagnostik und Trainingssteuerung leichtathletischer Laufdisziplinen. Sport und Buch, Strauss, Köln
Coen B, Schwarz L, Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1991) Control of training in middle-and long-distance running by means of the individual anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 12:519–524
Coen B, Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1988) Value of the Conconi test for determination of the anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 9:372
Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglio P, Droghetti P, Codeca L (1982) Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 52:869–873
Conconi F, Grazzi G, Casoni I, Guglielmini C, Borsetto C, Ballarin E, Mazzoni G, Patracchini M, Manfredini F (1996) The Conconi test: methodology after 12 years of application. Int J Sports Med 17:509–519
Cooper KH (1968) Aerobics. Bantam Books, New York
Coyle EF (2005) Improved muscular efficiency displayed as Tour de France champion matures. J Appl Physiol 98:2191–2196
Cumming GR, Borsyk LM (1972) Criteria for maximum oxygen uptake in men over 40 in a population survey. Med Sci Sports Exerc 4:18–20
Davies B, Dagget A, Jakeman P, Mulhall J (1984) Maximum oxygen uptake utilizing different treadmill protocols. Br J Sports Med 18:74–79
Davis JA, Frank MH, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K (1979) Anaerobic threshold alterations caused by endurance training in middle-aged men. J Appl Physiol 46:1039–1046
Dekerle J, Baron B, Dupont L, Vanvelcenaher J, Pelayo P (2003) Maximal lactate steady state, respiratory compensation threshold and critical power. Eur J Appl Physiol 89:281–288
Dickhuth H-H, Huonker M, Münzel T, Drexler H, Berg A, Keul J (1991) Individual anaerobic threshold for evaluation of competitive athletes and patients with left ventricular dysfunction. In: Bachl N, Graham TE, Löllgen H: Advances in Ergometry. Springer, Berlin, S 173–179
Dickhuth HH, Yin L, Niess A, Rocker K, Mayer F, Heitkamp HC, Horstmann T (1999) Ventilatory, lactate-derived and catecholamine thresholds during incremental treadmill running: relationship and reproducibility. Int J Sports Med 20:122–127
Dickstein K, Barvik S, Aarsland T, Snapinn S, Karlsson J (1990) A comparison of methodologies in detection of the anaerobic threshold. Circulation 81:II38–II46
Dobeln WV, Astrand I, Bergstrom A (1967) An analysis of age and other factors related to maximal oxygen uptake. J Appl Physiol 22:934–938
Doherty M, Nobbs L, Noakes TD (2003) Low frequency of the “plateau phenomenon” during maximal in elite British athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 89:619–623
Duncan GE, Howley ET, Johnson BN (1997) Applicability of VO2max criteria: discontinuous versus continuous protocols. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:273–278
European Society of Cardiology, Task Force (1997) Management of stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 18:394–413
Faude O, Meyer T, Kindermann W (2006) The work rate corresponding to ventilatory threshold during steady-state and ramp exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 1:222–232
Froelicher VF Jr, Brammell H, Davis G, Noguera I, Stewart A, Lancaster MC (1974) A comparison of the reproducibility and physiologic response to three maximal treadmill exercise protocols. Chest 65:512–517
Froelicher VF Jr, Brammell H, Davis G, Noguera I, Stewart A, Lancaster MC (1974) A comparison of three maximal treadmill exercise protocols. J Appl Physiol 36:720–725
Gaskill SE, Walker AJ, Serfass RA, Bouchard C, Gagnon J, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Leon AS (2001) Changes in ventilatory threshold with exercise training in a sedentary population: the HERITAGE family study. Int J Sports Med 22:586–592
Gitt AK, Winter UJ, Fritsch J, Pothoff G, Sedlak M, Ehmanns S, Ostmann H, Hilger HH (1994) Vergleich der vier verschiedenen Methoden zur respiratorischen Bestimmung der anaeroben Schwelle bei Normalpersonen, Herz-und Lungenkranken. Z Kardiol 83(Suppl 3):37–42
Haass M, Zugck C, Kübler W (2000) Der 6-Minuten-Gehtest: Eine kostengünstige Alternative zur Spiroergometrie bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz? Z Kardiol 89:72–80
Hawley JA, Noakes TD (1992) Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 65:79–83
Heil DP (1997) Body mass scaling of peak oxygen uptake in 20-to 79-yr-old adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:1602–1608
Hermansen L, Saltin B (1969) Oxygen uptake during maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 26:31–37
Hoff J (2005) Training and testing physical capacities for elite soccer players. J Sports Sci 23:573–582
Hollmann W (1963) Höchst-und Dauerleistungsfähigkeit des Sportlers. Barth, München
Hoogeveen AR, Hoogsteen GS (1999) The ventilatory threshold, heart rate, and endurance performance: relationships in elite cyclists. Int J Sports Med 20:114–117
Howley ET, Bassett DR, Welch HG (1995) Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27:1292–1301
Hunt HA, Baker DW, Chin MH et al (2001) ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation 104:2996–3007
Issekutz B Jr, Birkhead NC, Rodahl K (1962) Use of respiratory quotients in assessment of aerobic work capacity. J Appl Physiol 17:47–50
Katch V, Weltman A, Sady S, Freedson P (1978) Validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 39:219–227
Katch VL, Sady S, Freedson P (1982) Biological variability in maximum aerobic power. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:21–25
Kindermann W (1987) Ergometrie-Empfehlungen für die ärztliche Praxis. Dtsch Z Sportmed 38:244–268
Kindermann W (2004) Anaerobe Schwelle. Dtsch Z Sportmed 55:161–162
Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J (1979) The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 42:25–34
Kumagai S, Tanaka K, Matsuura Y, Matsuzaka A, Hirakoba K, Asano K (1982) Relationships of the Anaerobic Threshold with the 5 km, 10 km, and 10 Mile Races. Eur J Appl Physiol 49:13–23
Larsen AI, Aarsland T, Kristiansen M, Haugland A, Dickstein K (2001) Assessing the effect of exercise training in men with heart failure; comparison of maximal, submaximal and endurance exercise protocols. Eur Heart J 22:684–692
Le Jemtel TH, Mancini D, Gumbardo D, Chadwick B (1985) Pitfalls and limitations of “maximal” oxygen uptake as an index of cardiovascular functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Failure May/June:112–124
Lear SA, Brozic A, Myers JN, Ignaszewski A (1999) Exercise stress testing — an overview of current guidelines. Sports Med 27:285–312
Lehmann M, Berg A, Kapp R, Wessinghage T, Keul J (1983) Correlations between laboratory testing and distance running performance in marathoners of similar performance ability. Int J Sports Med 4:226–230
Lentner CE (1990) Geigy Scientific Tables — Volume 5: Heart and Circulation. In: CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, S 209–213
Londeree BR (1997) Effect of training on lactate/ventilatory thresholds: a metaanalysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:837–843
Londeree BR, Moeschberger ML (1984) Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate. J Cardiac Rehabil 4:44–49
Lucia A, Pardo J, Durantez A, Hoyos J, Chicharro JL (1998) Physiological differences between professional and elite road cyclists. Int J Sports Med 19:342–348
Mader A, Liesen H, Heck H, Philippi H, Rost R (1976) Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Dtsch Z Sportmed 27:80–112
Mancini D, LeJemtel T, Aaronson K (2000) Peak VO2: a simple yet enduring standard. Circulation 101:1080–1082
Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, Mull R, Edmunds LH Jr, Wilson JR (1991) Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 83:778–786
McConnell TR (1988) Practical considerations in the testing of VO2max in runners. Sports Med 5:57–68
McLellan TM (1987) The anaerobic threshold: concept and controversy. Austral J Sci Med Sport 19:3–8
McLellan TM, Skinner JS (1981) The use of the aerobic threshold as a basis for training. Can J Appl Sport Sci 6:197–201
Mead WF, Pyfer HR, Trombold JC, Frederick RC (1976) Successful resuscitation of two near simultaneous cases of cardiac arrest with a review of fifteen cases occurring during supervised exercise. Circulation 53:187–189
Meyer K, Hajric R, Westbrook S, Samek L, Lehmann M, Schwaibold M, Betz P, Roskamm H (1996) Ventilatory and lactate threshold determinations in healthy normals and cardiac patients: methodological problems. Eur J Appl Physiol 72:387–393
Meyer K, Schwaibold M, Hajric R, Westbrook S, Ebfeld D, Leyk D, Roskamm H (1998) Delayed VO2 kinetics during ramp exercise: a criterion for cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:643–648
Meyer T, Davison RCR, Kindermann W (2005) Ambulatory gas exchange measurements — current status and future options —. Int J Sports Med 26:S19–S27
Meyer T, Faude O (2006) Feldtests im Fußball. Dtsch Z Sportmed 57:147–148
Meyer T, Faude O, Scharhag J, Urhausen A, Kindermann W (2004) Is lactic acidosis a cause of exercise-induced hyperventilation at the respiratory compensation point? Br J Sports Med 38:622–625
Meyer T, Gabriel HHW, Kindermann W (1999) Is determination of exercise intensities as percentages of VO2max or HRmax adequate? Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 1342–1345
Meyer T, Görge G, Schwaab B, Hildebrandt K, Walldorf J, Schäfer C, Kindermann I, Scharhag J, Kindermann W (2005) An alternative approach for exercise prescription and efficacy testing in patients with chronic heart failure. A randomized controlled training study. Am Heart J 149:926.e1–926.e7
Meyer T, Kindermann M, Kindermann W (2004) Exercise programs for patients with chronic heart failure — Training methods and effects on endurance capacity. Sports Med 34:939–954
Meyer T, Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1999) Kardiovaskuläre und metabolische Beanspruchung der dynamischen Streßechokardiographie bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit und bei Gesunden. Z Kardiol 88:473–480
Mitchell HH, Sproule BJ, Chapman CB (1958) The physiological meaning of the maximal oxygen intake test. J Clin Invest 37:538–547
Myers J (2005) Applications of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the management of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Int J Sports Med 26:S49–S55
Myers J, Bellin D (2000) Ramp exercise protocols for clinical and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Sports Med 30:23–29
Myers J, Buchanan N, Walsh D, Krämer M, McAuley P, Hamilton Wessler M, Frölicher VF (1991) Comparison of the ramp versus standard exercise protocols. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:1334–1342
Myers J, Walsh D, Sullivan M, Froelicher V (1990) Effect of sampling on variability and plateau in oxygen uptake. J Appl Physiol 68:404–410
Noakes TD (1997) J. B. Wolffe Memorial Lecture. Challenging beliefs: ex Africa semper aliquid novi. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29:571–590
Noakes TD (1998) Maximal oxygen uptake: “classical” versus “contemporary” viewpoints: a rebuttal. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:1381–1398
Pfitzinger P, Freedson PS (1998) The reliability of lactate measurements during exercise. Int J Sports Med 19:349–357
Poole DC, Gaesser GA (1985) Response of ventilatory and lactate thresholds to continuous and interval training. J Appl Physiol 58:1115–1521
Reinhard U, Muller PH, Schmulling RM (1979) Determination of anaerobic threshold by the ventilation equivalent in normal individuals. Respiration 38:36–42
Remme WJ, Swedberg K (2001) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 22:1527–1560
Ribeiro JP, Fielding RA, Hughes V, Black A, Bochese MA, Knuttgen HG (1985) Heart rate break point may coincide with the anaerobic and not the aerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 6:220–224
Rickli H, Kiowski W, Brehm M, Weilenmann D, Schalcher C, Bernheim A, Öchslin E, Brunner-La Rocca HP (2003) Combining low-intensity and maximal exercise test results improves prognostic prediction in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:116–122
Röcker K, Striegel H, Freund T, Dickhuth H-H (1994) Die funktionelle Pufferkapazität bei 400-m-Läufern, Langstreckenläufern und Untrainierten. In: Liesen H, Weiß M, Baum M: Regulations-und Repairmechanismen, 33. Deutscher Sportärztekongreß Paderborn 1993. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Köln, S 28–31
Röcker K, Striegel H, Freund T, Dickhuth HH (1994) Relative functional buffering capacity in 400-meter runners, long-distance runners and untrained individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 68:430–434
Röcker K, Schotte O, Niess AM, Horstmann T, Dickhuth HH (1998) Predicting competition performance in long-distance running by means of a treadmill test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:1552–1557
Rost R, Hollmann W (1982) Belastungsuntersuchungen in der Praxis. Thieme, Stuttgart
Roul G, Moulichon ME, Bareiss P, Gries P, Sacrez J, Germain P, Mossard JM, Sacrez A (1994) Exercise peak VO2 determination in chronic heart failure: is it still of value? Eur Heart J 15:495–502
Shephard RJ (1984) Tests of maximum oxygen intake — a critical review. Sports Med 1:99–124
Shephard RJ, Allen C, Benade AJ, Davies CT, Di Prampero PE, Hedman R, Merriman JE, Myhre K, Simmons R (1968) The maximum oxygen intake. An international reference standard of cardiorespiratory fitness. Bull World Health Organ 38:757–764
Simon G, Staiger J, Wehinger A, Kindermann W, Keul J (1978) Echokardiographische Größen des linken Ventrikels, Herzvolumen und Sauerstoffaufnahme. Med Klin 73:1457–1462
Simon J, Young JL, Gutin B, Blood DK, Case RB (1983) Lactate accumulation relative to the anaerobic and respiratory compensation thresholds. J Appl Physiol 54:13–17
Stegmann H, Kindermann W (1982) Comparison of prolonged exercise tests at the individual anaerobic threshold and the fixed anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/l lactate. Int J Sports Med 3:105–110
Stegmann H, Kindermann W, Schnabel A (1981) Lactate kinetics and individual anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 2:160–165
Tanaka H, Shindo M (1985) Running velocity at blood lactate threshold of boys aged 6–15 years compared with untrained and trained young males. Int J Sports Med 6:90–94
Tanaka K, Matsuura Y (1984) Marathon performance, anaerobic threshold, and onset of blood lactate accumulation. J Appl Physiol 57:640–643
Tanaka K, Matsuura Y, Kumagai S, Matsuzaka A, Hirakoba K, Asano K (1983) Relationships of anaerobic threshold and onset of blood lactate accumulation with endurance performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 52:51–56
Taylor HL, Buskirk E, Henschel A (1955) Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. J Appl Physiol 8:73–80
Tokmakidis SP, Léger LA, Fotis AV, Roy JY (1987) The Conconi’s heart rate and the lactate “anaerobic threshold”. Med Sci Sports Exerc (Abstract) 19:S 17
Trappe H-J, Löllgen H (2000) Leitlinien zur Ergometrie. Z Kardiol 89:821–837
Tristani FE, Hughes CV, Archibald DG, Sheldahl LM, Cohn JN, Fletcher R (1987) Safety of graded symptom-limited exercise testing in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 76:Vi54–58
Urhausen A, Coen B, Kindermann W (2000) Individual assessment of the aerobic-anaerobic threshold by measurement of blood lactate. In: Garrett W Jr, Kirkendall D, Squire D: Textbook of Sports Medicine. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, S. 267–275
Urhausen A, Coen B, Weiler B, Kindermann W (1993) Individual anaerobic threshold and maximum lactate steady state. Int J Sports Med 14:134–139
Wasserman K (1999) Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Wasserman K, Stringer WW, Casaburi R, Koike A, Cooper CB (1994) Determination of the anaerobic threshold by gas exchange: biochemical considerations, methodology and physiological effects. Z Kardiol 83(Suppl 3):1–12
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, Beaver WL (1973) Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 35:236–243
Weltman A, Snead D, Seip R, Schurrer R, Weltman J, Rutt R, Rogol A (1990) Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and VO2max for determining endurance training intensity in male runners. Int J Sports Med 11:218–222
Weltman A, Weltman J, Rutt R, Seip R, Levine S, Snead D, Kaiser D, Rogol A (1989) Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and VO2peak for determining endurance training intensity in sedentary women. Int J Sports Med 10:212–216
Winter UJ (1994) Methodische Aspekte der modernen, computerisierten Ergospirometrie (CPX): Rampenprogramm, konstanter Belastungstest und CO2-Rückatmungsmethode. Z Kardiol 83:13–26
Yamamoto Y, Miyashita M, Hughson RL, Tamura S, Shinohara M, Mutoh Y (1991) The ventilatory threshold gives maximal lactate steady state. Eur J Appl Physiol 63:55–59
Zhou S, Weston SB (1997) Reliability of using the D-max method to define physiological responses to incremental exercise testing. Physiol Meas 18:145–154
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meyer, T. (2007). Belastungsuntersuchungen: Praktische Durchführung und Interpretation. In: Sportkardiologie. Steinkopff. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1707-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1707-3_3
Publisher Name: Steinkopff
Print ISBN: 978-3-7985-1706-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-7985-1707-3
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)