Abstract
The debate about the role of tourism as economic development tool is not new, although in recent years, there have been interesting contributions to it. Many institutions have highlighted the importance of tourism as an engine of social transformation and tool for promoting economic development and growth potential, to the point that tourism is expected to generate over a horizon of no more than ten years 11.3 % of world GDP and 8.3% of employment. The economic literature has been agreeing with these statements, although there is growing consensus about the error of accepting this statement with absolute. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it is to determine whether there is a relationship between the growth of tourism in a country and its level of economic development, and if so, with which sign, and on the other, to identify the factors that favour or hinder this relationship. The analysis was performed at a country scale using canonical correspondence analysis. This technique allows one to determine whether or not there exists a relationship (and in which sense) between two multidimensional variables – in this case, the growth of tourism and economic development.
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Notes
- 1.
The ST-EP program aims to “reorient and encourage sustainable tourism socially, economically, and ecologically to convert it into a basic tool for eliminating poverty in the poorest countries in the world, and particularly in LDCs, providing development opportunities and employment to all those who live on less than $1 a day”. More information about this program can be found at www.unwto.org/step (accessed 15 June 2010).
- 2.
The first publication, of 2002, entitled “Tourism and alleviation of poverty”, is a general analysis based on examples from four countries on the contribution of tourism in the struggle against poverty in underdeveloped countries and the least developed countries (LDCs). The second publication, of 2004, was entitled “Tourism and alleviation of poverty: Recommendations for action”. In 2005, the third was published, entitled “Tourism, microcredits, and reduction of poverty”. A fourth publication appeared in 2006, under the title “Reduction of poverty through tourism: A compilation of best practices”.
- 3.
See UNCTAD (2007).
- 4.
What is really measured is a country’s economic growth generated by tourism, which is what we term in the present article “tourism growth”.
- 5.
http://www.wttc.org/eng/Tourism_Research/Tourism_Impact_Data_and_Forecast_Tool/index.php (accessed 15 June 2010).
- 6.
- 7.
The countries with inefficient tourism are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Dominican Republic, Moldova, Paraguay, and Sri Lanka.
- 8.
The countries with efficient tourism are Indonesia, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Mauritius, Senegal, South Africa, Vietnam, and Zambia.
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Appendix A.1 Classification of the countries
Appendix A.1 Classification of the countries
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Countries of strong economic development | Countries of medium economic development | Countries of weak economic development | ||
Luxembourg | Mongolia | Bolivia | Countries of strong tourism growth | Cambodia |
China | ||||
United Arab Emirates | Belgium | Japan | India | |
Ireland | Switzerland | Nepal | Indonesia | |
Norway | Madagascar | Costa Rica | Kazakhstan | |
Qatar | Malaysia | Mozambique | Korea, Rep. | |
Saudi Arabia | Brazil | Dominican Republic | Kyrgyz Republic | |
Greece | Algeria | Ukraine | Nigeria | |
Czech Republic | Germany | China | Pakistan | |
Hungary | Barbados | Ecuador | Russian Federation | |
South Africa | ||||
Italy | Honduras | Burkina Faso | Ukraine | |
Austria | Uganda | Russian Federation | Vietnam | |
Netherlands | Bulgaria | Gambia, The | ||
Kuwait | Libya | Benin | ||
Singapore | Tunisia | India | Countries of medium tourism growth | Colombia |
Estonia | El Salvador | Indonesia | Philippines | |
Dominican Republic | ||||
Spain | Bangladesh | Pakistan | Costa Rica | |
Lithuania | Venezuela | Paraguay | Chile | |
Denmark | Morocco | Guyana | Azerbaijan | |
Iceland | Albania | Cambodia | Ecuador | |
Oman | Cyprus | Kazakhstan | Kenya | |
Turkey | Burundi | Vietnam | Senegal | |
Latvia | Jamaica | Nigeria | Armenia | |
Mauritius | ||||
New Zealand | Argentina | Senegal | Namibia | |
Australia | Egypt | Zambia | Zambia | |
United Kingdom | Botswana | Namibia | ||
Poland | Nicaragua | Azerbaijan | ||
Slovenia | Romania | Armenia | Countries of weak tourism growth | Gambia, The |
Slovak Republic | Israel | Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka | |
Bahrain | Tanzania | South Africa | Burkina Faso | |
United States | Jordan | Kenya | Mali | |
Finland | Uruguay | Philippines | Benin | |
Malta | Panama | Suriname | Chad | |
France | Ethiopia | Moldova | Suriname | |
Canada | Korea, Rep. | Kyrgyz Republic | Cameroon | |
Croatia | Thailand | Cameroon | Guyana | |
Portugal | Peru | Mali | Lesotho | |
Sweden | Colombia | Lesotho | Moldova | |
Mexico | Syria | Mauritius | Paraguay | |
Canada | ||||
Guatemala | Chile | Chad | ||
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Sánchez-Rivero, M., Pulido-Fernández, J.I., Cárdenas-García, P.J. (2013). Tourism Growth Versus Economic Development: An Analysis by Multivariate Techniques. In: Matias, Á., Nijkamp, P., Sarmento, M. (eds) Quantitative Methods in Tourism Economics. Physica, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2879-5_13
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