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The hygiene hypothesis and affective and anxiety disorders

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Book cover The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory disorders are increasing in prevalence in the developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that our changing microbial environment has resulted in a deficit in immunoregulatory circuits so that there is a failure to terminate inappropriate inflammation. Several stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and anxiety disorders, are associated with raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines and of other markers of ongoing inflammation, even in the absence of any obvious inflammatory lesion. Moreover proinflammatory cytokines are known to induce depression, which is frequently seen when patients are treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interferon-α (IFN-α). Therefore the occurrence of these psychiatric disorders in developed countries might be partly attributable to a failure of immunoregulation. We review the evidence that inflammation is associated with several patterns of psychiatric disturbance, and that regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) can oppose these effects, and that anti-depressants might work in part via effects on inflammation in the periphery.

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  1. Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK

    Graham A. W. Rook

  2. Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA

    Christopher A. Lowry

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    Graham A. W. Rook

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Rook, G.A.W., Lowry, C.A. (2009). The hygiene hypothesis and affective and anxiety disorders. In: Rook, G.A.W. (eds) The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8903-1_11

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