Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology and hybridoma techniques enabled the development of therapeutic proteins such as the interferons (IFN), erythropoietin (EPO), insulin, growth hormones, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies [1]. These proteins have revolutionised the treatment of many diseases, including, cancer, hepatitis, and multiple sclerosis. The patents of the first generation of biopharmaceuticals have expired or are about to expire, which enables marketing of noninnovator versions of these products, named ‘biosimilars’ in the European Union (EU), and ‘follow-on protein products’ in the USA. The EU has established a legal and regulatory framework for acquiring a marketing authorisation for biosimilars to market [2–9], while in the United States the regulatory pathway is still being developed[10].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Avidor Y, Mabjeesh NJ, Matzkin H. Biotechnology and drug discovery: from bench to bedside. South Med J 2003; 96: 1174–1186.
European Parliament and Council. Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004. Offical Journal of the European Union Vol 47; 2004: 34–57.
European Medicines Agency. Guideline on similar biological medicinal products 2005. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/biosimilar/043704en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008).
European Medicines Agency. Guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: Quality issues. 2006 Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/biosimilar/4934805en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Annex to guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: Non-clinical and clinical issues. Guidance on similar medicinal products containing recombinant erythropoie. Trends Neurosci 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/biosimilar/9452605en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008).
European Medicines Agency. Annex to guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: Non-clinical and clinical issues. Guidance on similar medicinal products containing somatropin. 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu./pdfs/human/biosimilar/9452805en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Annex to guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: Non-clinical and clinical issues. Guidance on similar medicinal products containing recombinant human insulin. 2006. A Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/biosimilar/3277505en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Annex to guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: Non-clinical and clinical issues. Guidance on similar medicinal products containing recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/biosimilar/3132905en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008).
European Medicines Agency. Guideline on similar biological medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substance: non-clinical and clinical issues 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/biosimilar/4283205en.pdf (Accessed 1 May 2006)
US FDA. Omnitrope (somatropin [rDNA origin]) questions and answers 2006. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/somatropin/qa.htm. (Accessed 3 March 2008).
Crommelin DJ, Bermejo T, Bissig M et al. Pharmaceutical evaluation of biosimilars: important differences from generic low-molecular weight pharm. Eur J Hosp Pharm Sci 2005;1:11–17.
Roger SD. Biosimilars: how similar or dissimilar are they? Nephrology (Carlton) 2006;11:341–346.
Schellekens H. Follow-on biologics: challenges of the ‘next generation’. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20: v31–36.
Chirino AJ, Mire-Sluis A. Characterizing biological products and assessing comparability following manufacturing changes. Nat Biotechnol 2004;22:1383–1391.
Locatelli F, Roger S. Comparative testing and pharmacovigilance of biosimilars. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21 Suppl 5:v13–16.
Kessler M, Goldsmith D, Schellekens H. Immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21 Suppl 5:v9–12.
Schellekens H. Factors influencing the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:vi3–9.
Wiecek A, Mikhail A. European regulatory guidelines for biosimilars. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21 Suppl 5:v17–20
Omnitrope. Summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/human-docs/PDFs/EPAR/Omnitrope/H-607-PI-en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Valtropin. Summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/human-docs/PDFs/EPAR/valtropin/H-602-PI-en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Abseamed. Summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/human-docs/PDFs/EPAR/abseamed/H-727-PI-en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Binocrit. Summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/human-docs/PDFs/EPAR/binocrit/H-725-PI-en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Epoetin alfa Hexal. Summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/epoetinalfahexal/H-726-PI-en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Silapo. Summary of product characteristics. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/human-docs/PDFs/EPAR/silapo/H-760-PI-en.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Bennett CL, Luminari S, Nissenson AR et al. Pure red-cell aplasia and epoetin therapy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1403–1408.
Casadevall N, Eckardt KU, Rossert J. Epoetin-induced autoimmune pure red cell aplasia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16 Suppl 1:S67–69.
Casadevall N, Rossert J. Importance of biologic follow-ons: experience with EPO. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005;18:381–387.
Schellekens H. Immunologic mechanisms of EPO-associated pure red cell aplasia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005;18:473–480.
Hermeling S, Schellekens H, Crommelin DJ et al. Micelle-associated protein in epoetin formulations: a risk factor for immunogenicity? Pharmacol Res 2003;20:1903–1907.
Schellekens H, Jiskoot W. Eprex-associated pure red cell aplasia and leachates. Nat Biotechnol 2006;24:613–614.
Louet S. Lessons from Eprex for biogeneric firms. Nat Biotechnol 2003;21:956–957.
Villalobos AP, Gunturi SR, Heavner GA. Interaction of polysorbate 80 with erythropoietin: a case study in protein-surfactant interactions. Pharmacol Res 2005;22:1186–1194.
Boven K, Knight J, Bader F et al. Epoetin-associated pure red cell aplasia in patients with chronic kidney disease: solving the mystery. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20 Suppl 3:iii33–40.
European Medicines Agency. Omnitrope: EPAR summary for the public 2007. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Omnitrope/060706en1.pdf. (Accessed 3 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Valtropin: EPAR summary for the public 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/valtropin/H-602-en1.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Retacrit: EPAR summary for the public 2008. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/retacrit/H-872-en1.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Silapo: EPAR summary for the public 2007. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/silapo/H-760-en1.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
European Medicines Agency. Epoetin alfa Hexal: EPAR summary for the public 2007. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/epoetinalfahexal/H-726-en1.pdf.
European Medicines Agency. Binocrit: EPAR summary for the public 2007. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/binocrit/H-725-en1.pdf.
European Medicines Agency. Abseamed: EPAR summary for the public 2007. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/abseamed/H-727-en1.pdf
European Medicines Agency. Omnitrope: scientific discussion 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Omnitrope/060706en6.pdf. (Accessed 4 March 2008)
Smith N. EMEA “will not guarantee” that biosimilars are interchangeable with originator. APM Health Europe 2006. Available at: http://health.apmnews.com/story.php?mots=BIOSIMILAR &searchScope=1&searchType=0&depsPage=2&numero=L3250 (Accessed 1 May 2006)
European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers on recommendation for refusal of marketing application for Alpheon 2006. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/opinion/19089606en.pdf. (Accessed 3 March 2008)
Mellstedt H, Niederwieser D, Ludwig H. The challenge of biosimilars. Ann Oncol 2008;19:411–419.
Schellekens H. Biosimilar epoetins: how similar are they? EJHP 2004;3:243–247.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Birkhäuser Verlag/Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schellekens, H. (2009). Biosimilar epoetins. In: Elliott, S.G., Foote, M.A., Molineux, G. (eds) Erythropoietins, Erythropoietic Factors, and Erythropoiesis. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8698-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8698-6_7
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-8694-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-7643-8698-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)