Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Use of erythropoietic stimulating agents in the setting of renal disease

  • Chapter
Erythropoietins, Erythropoietic Factors, and Erythropoiesis

Part of the book series: Milestones in Drug Therapy ((MDT))

Abstract

As kidneys fail, their capacity to produce erythropoietin (EPO) typically diminishes. This deficiency of EPO is the primary etiology of the progressive anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hemoglobin concentration decreases in association with the increase in blood urea concentration (Fig. 1) and the decline in creatinine clearance (Fig. 2) of progressive renal failure [1]. The anemic state is exacerbated by a shortened red blood cell lifespan and bone marrow resistance to EPO in the setting of advanced uremia. Bleeding time is prolonged, as well, and gastrointestinal blood loss is not uncommon. In addition, dialytic therapy may consume red cells, due to repeated diagnostic phlebotomy, hemolysis caused by the hemodialysis pump, bleeding associated with hemodialysis needle insertion and removal, recurrent anticoagulation, and incomplete return of blood from the hemodialysis filter and bloodlines at the end of a treatment. Inflammatory cytokines and nutritional deficiencies may worsen the anemia of CKD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Andreucci VE. Chronic renal failure. In: Castro JE (ed.): The Treatment of Renal, Failure, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. 1982;33–167

    Google Scholar 

  2. Blagg CR. In memory of Joseph Wetherill Eschbach. Kidney Int 2008;73:665–666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dodd RY, Notari EP, Stramer SL. Current prevalence and incidence of infectious disease markers and estimated window-period risk in the American Red Cross blood donor population. Transfusion 2002;42:975–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Luban NLC. Transfusion safety: where are we today? Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1054:325–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Silliman CC, Ambruso DR, Boshkov LK. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood 2005; 105:2266–2273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Eschbach JW, Abdulhadi MH, Browne JK et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease: results of a phase III multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:992–1000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mayne TJ, Gitlin M, Krishnan M. Variation in hemoglobin distribution and transfusions in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:702A (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cremieux P-Y, Barrett B, Anderson K et al. Cost of outpatient blood transfusion in cancer patients. J. Clin Oncol 2000;18:2755–2761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Goodnough LT, Stransburg D, Riddel J et al. Has recombinant human erythropoietin therapy minimized red-cell transfusions in hemodialysis patients? Clin Nephrol 1994;41:303–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Marsh JT, Brown WS, Wolcott D et al. rHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function of anemic dialysis patients. Kidney Int 1991;39:155–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Temple RM, Deary IJ, Winney RJ. Recombinant erythropoietin improves cognitive function in patients maintained on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:1733–1738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Silberberg JS, Rahal DP, Patton DR et al. Role of anemia in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in end-stage renal disease. Am J Candiol 1989;64:222–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD et al. Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int 1995;47:186–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Silberberg J, Racine N, Barre P et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients following correction of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin. Can. J Cardiol 1990;6:1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Colan S, Jabs K, Harmon W. Treatment with epoetin alfa is associated with a reduction in ventricular mass and an increase in exercise tolerance in young hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2:374 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Low-Friedrich I, Grutzmacher P, Marz W et al. Therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin reduces cardiac size and improves heart function in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 1991;11:54–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pascual J, Teruel JL, Moya JL et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after partial correction of anemia with erythropoietin in patients on hemodialysis: a prospective study. Clin Nephrol 1991;35:280–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Goldberg N, Lundin AP, Delano B et al. Changes in left ventricular size, wall thickness, and function in anemic patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Am Heart J 1992; 124:424–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Morgan J et al. Effect of hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int 2000;58:1325–1335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Macdougall IC, Lewis NP, Saunders MJ et al. Long-term cardiorespiratory effects of amelioration of renal anaemia by erythropoietin. Lancet 1990;335:489–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hase H, Imamura Y, Nakamura R et al. Effects of rHuEPO therapy on exercise capacity in hemodialysis patients with coronary artery disease. Jpn Circ J 1993;57:131–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wizemann V, Kaufmann J, Kramer W. Effect of erythropoietin on ischemia tolerance in anemic hemodialysis patients with confirmed coronary artery disease. Nephron 1992;62:161–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nonnast-Daniel D, Frei U, Brabant EG et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide and central haemodynamics during correction of renal anaemia by recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in regular dialysis treatment patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:478 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Neff MS, Kim KE, Persoff M et al. Hemodynamics of uremic anemia. Circulation 1971;43:876–883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Painter P. The importance of exercise training in rehabilitation of patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24:S2–S9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lentner C (ed.): Geigy Scientific Tables. 8th ed. New Jersey, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 1981;228–231

    Google Scholar 

  27. Thompson JR, Stray-Gunderson J. Cardiovascular adaptations in maximal exercise among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) after graded increases in hemoglobin (Hgb). J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2:389 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. Association between recombinant human erythropoietin and quality of life and exercise capacity of patients receiving haemodialysis. Brit Med J 1990;300:573–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Evans RW, Rader B, Manninen DL. Cooperative Multicenter EPO Clinical Trial Group. The quality of life of hemodialysis recipients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. JAMA 1990;263:825–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Beusterien KM, Nissenson AR, Port FK et al. The effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on functional health and well-being in chronic dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:763–773

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Benz RL, Pressman MR, Hovick ET et al. A preliminary study of the effects of correction of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on sleep, sleep disorders, and daytime sleepiness in hemodialysis patients (The SLEEPO study). Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34:1089–1095

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. De Marchi S, Cecchin E, Villalta D et al. Relief of pruritus and decreases in plasma histamine concentrations during erythropoietin therapy in patients with uremia. N Engl J Med 1992;326:969–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Haley NR, Matsumoto AM, Eschbach JW et al. Low testosterone levels increase in male hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 1989;35:193 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Schaefer RM, Kokot F, Wernze H et al. Improved sexual function in hemodialysis patients on recombinant erythropoietin: a possible role for prolactin. Clin Nephrol 1989;31:1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yeksan M, Tamer N, Cirit M et al. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) therapy on plasma FT3, FT4, TSH, FSH, LH, free testosterone and prolactin levels in hemodialysis patients. Int J Artif Organs 1992;15:585–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bommer J, Kugel M, Schwobel B et al. Improved sexual function during recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990;5:204–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Foresta C, Mioni R, Bordon P et al. Erythropoietin stimulates testosterone production in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:753–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Watschinger B, Watzinger U, Templ H et al. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on anterior pituitary function in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Horm Res 1991;36:22–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Veys N, Vanholder R, Ringoir S. Correction of deficient phagocytosis during erythropoietin treatment in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am. J Kidney Dis 1992;19:358–363

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Singh AB, Singh M, Palekar S et al. The effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the cell mediated immune response of renal failure patients. J Med 1992;23:289–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sennesael JJ, Van der Niepen P, Verbeelen DL. Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin increases antibody titers after hepatitis B vaccination in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 1991;40:121–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Schaefer RM, Packzek L, Berthold G et al. Improved immunoglobulin production in dialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Int J Artif Organs 1992;15:204–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hebert LA, Birmingham DJ, Dillon JJ et al. Erythropoietin therapy in humans increases erythrocyte expression of complement receptor type 1 (CD35). J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;4:1786–1791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Roman RMB, Lobo PI, Taylor RP et al. Prospective study of the immue, effects of normalizing the hemoglobin concentration in hemodialysis patients who receive recombinant human erythropoietin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:1339–1346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Grimm PC, Sinai-Trieman L, Sekiya NM et al. Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on HLA sensitization and cell mediated immunity. Kidney Int 1990;38:12–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bogoyevitch MA. An update on the cardiac effects of erythropoietin cardioprotection by erythropoietin and the lessons learnt from studies in neuroprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2004;63:208–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lipton SA. Erythropoietin for neurologic protection and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2516–2517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Watanabe D, Suzuma K, Matsui S et al. Erythropoietin as a retinal angionenic factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med 2005;353:782–792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sundal E, Kaeser U. Correction of anaemia of chronic renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin: safety and efficacy of one year’s treatment in a European multicentre study of 150 haemodialysis-dependent patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:978–987

    Google Scholar 

  50. Raine AEG, Roger SD. Effects of erythropoietin on blood pressure. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;18:76–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 1998;339:584–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2085–2098

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chron ic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2071–2084

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tang WW, Stead RA, Goodkin DA. Effects of epoetin alfa on hemostasis in chronic renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1998; 18:263–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Eschbach JW. Erythropoietin is not a cause of access thrombosis. Semin Dial 1993;6:180–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Muirhead N. Erythropoietin is a cause of access thrombosis. Semin Dial 1993;6:184–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Delano BG, Lundin AP, Galonsky R et al. Dialyzer urea and creatinine clearances are not significantly altered in erythropoietin treated maintenance, hemodialysis patients. ASAIO Trans 1990;36:36–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pollock C, Johnson DW, Horl WH et al. Pure red cell aplasia induced by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:193–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Macdougall IC, Casadevall N, Stead RB et al. Successful treatment of anti-erythropoietin antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia with Hematide, a novel, synthetic, peptide-based erythropoietin receptor agonist. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:80A (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  60. The US Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Predialysis Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the therapeutic use of recombinant human erythropoietin for anemia associated with chronic renal failure in predialysis patients. Am. J Kidney Dis 1991;18:50–59

    Google Scholar 

  61. Austrian Multicenter Study Group of r-HuEPO in Predialysis Patients. Effectiveness and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients. Nephron 1992;61:399–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Eschbach JE. The anemia of chronic renal failure: pathophysiology and the effects of recombinant erythropoietin. Kidney Int 1989;35:134–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Nissenson AR, Besarab A, Bolton WK et al. Target haematocrit during erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:1813–1816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Erslev AJ, Caro J, Schuster SJ. Is there an optimal hemoglobin level? Transfus Med Rev 1989;3:237–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kusunoki M, Kimura K, Nakamura M et al. Effects of hematocrit variations on cerebral blood flow and oxygen transport in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981;1:413–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ma JZ, Ebben J, Xia H et al. Hematocrit level and associated mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:610–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Locatelli F, Pisoni RL, Akizawa T et al. Anemia management for hemodialysis patients: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines and Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) findings. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:S27–S33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Eschbach JW, Glenny R, Robertson T et al. Normalizing the hematocrit (HCT) in hemodialysis patients (HDP) with EPO improves quality of life (Q/L) and is safe. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993;4:425 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Barany P, Svendenhag J, Katzarski K et al. Physiological effects of correcting anemia in hemodialysis patients (HD pts) to a normal HB. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:1472 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nissenson AR, Pickett JL, Theberge DC et al. Brain function is better in hemodialysis (HD) patients (PTS) when hematocrit is normalized with erythropoietin (rHuEPO). J. Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:1459 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Besarab A, Goodkin DA, Nissenson AR. The normal hematocrit study—follow-up. N Engl J Med 2008;358:4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Furuland H, Linde T, Ahlmen J et al. A randomized controlled trial of haemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:353–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wolfe RA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Ashby VB et al. Improvements in dialysis patient mortality are associated with improvements in urea reduction ratio and hematocrit, 1999 to 2002. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:127–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease: 2007 update of hemoglobin target. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:474–530

    Google Scholar 

  75. Locatelli F, Alijama P, Barany P et al. European best practice guidelines (EBPG) for the, management of renal anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:ii1–ii47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Young EW, Goodkin DA, Mapes DL et al. The Dialysis Outcomes and, Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS): an international hemodialysis study. Kidney Int 2000;57:S74–S81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:S1–S145

    Google Scholar 

  78. Besarab A, Flaharty KK, Erslev AJ et al. Clinical pharmacology and economics of recombinant human erythropoietin in end-stage renal disease: the case for subcutaneous administration. J Am. Soc Nephrol 1992;2:1405–1416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Alfrey CP, Fishbane S. Implications of neocytolysis for optimal management of anaemia in chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2007;106:c149–c156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Paganini EP, Eschbach JW, Lazarus JM et al. Intravenous versus subcutaneous dosing of epoetin alfa in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:331–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaufman JS, Reda DJ, Fye CL et al. Subcutaneous compared with intravenous epoetin in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:578–583

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Goodkin DA, Gimenez LF, Graber SE et al. Hematocrit stability following intravenous versus subcutaneous administration of epoetin alfa to dialysis patients: a post hoc analysis. Clin Nephrol. 1999;51:367–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Gilbertson DT, Ebben JP, Foley RN et al. Hemoglobin level variability: associations with mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:133–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Brunelli SM, Joffe MM, Israni RK et al. History-adjusted marginal structural analysis of the association between hemoglobin variability and mortality among chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:777–782

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Auerbach MA, Winchester J, Wahab A et al. A randomized trial of three iron dextran infusion methods for anemia in EPO-treated dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;31:81–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rodgers GM, Auerbach M, Cella D et al. High-molecular weight iron dextran: a wolf in sheep’s clothing? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:833–840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Tielemans CL, Lenclud CM, Wens R et al. Critical role of iron overload in the increased susceptibility of, haemodialysis patients to bacterial infections: beneficial effects of desferrioxamine. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:883–887

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hoen B, Kessler M, Hestin D et al. Risk factors for bacterial infections in chronic haemodialysis adult patients: a multicentre prospective survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:377–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hoen B, Paul-Dauphin A, Hestin D et al. EPIBACDIAL a multicenter prospective study of risk factors for bacteremia in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:869–876

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Paraskevaidis IA, Iliodromitis EK, Vlahakos D et al. Deferoxamine infusion during coronary artery by pass grafting ameliorates lipid peroxidation and protects the myocardium against reperfusion injury: immediate and long-term significance. Eur Heart J 2005;26:263–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Nitenberg A, Paycha F, Ledoux S et al. Coronary artery responses to physiological stimuli are improved by deferoxamine but not by L-arginine in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and no other risk factors. Circulation 1998;97:736–743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pieper GM, Siebeneich W. Diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction is prevented by long-term treatment with the modified iron chelator, hydroxyethyl starch conjugated-deferoxamine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997;30:734–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Regidor DL, McAllister CJ et al. Time-dependent associations between iron and mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3070–3080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Coyne DW, Kapoian T, Suki W et al. Ferric gluconate is highly efficacious in anemic hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation: results of the Dialysis Patients’ Response to IV Iron with Elevated Ferritin (DRIVE) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:975–984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fissell RB, Bragg-Gresham JL, Gillespie BW et al. International variation in vitamin prescription and association with mortality in the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:293–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Khurana A, Nickel AE, Narayanan M et al. Effect of hepatitis C infection on anemia in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2008;12:94–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Singh AK. Biosimilar epoetins: potential for variation reinforces need for regulation. Nephrology Times April 2008:2

    Google Scholar 

  98. Levin NW, Fishbane S, Canedo FV et al. Intravenous methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta for haemoglobin control in patients with chronic kidney disease who are on dialysis: a randomised non-inferiority trial (MAXIMA). Lancet 2007;370:1415–1421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Macdougall IC, Leong R, Wiecek A et al. Use of Hematide, a novel, synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent, in the management of hemoglobin (Hb) in non-dialysis and hemodialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. World Congress of Nephrology, April 21–25. 2007 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Provenzano R, Fadda G, Bernardo M et al. FG2216, a novel oral HIF-PHI, stimulates erythropoiesis and increases hemoglobin concentration in patients with non-dialysis CKD. NKF Spring Clinical Meetings Abstracts 2008; A80 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Frohna PA, Milwee S, Pinkett J et al. Preliminary results from a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of FG-4592, a novel hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, in CKD anemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:763A (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Goodkin Biopharma Consulting, LLC, Bellevue, WA, USA

    David A. Goodkin

  2. Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    David A. Goodkin

Authors
  1. David A. Goodkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA

    Steven G. Elliott

  2. MA Foote Associates, Westlake Village, CA, 91362, USA

    Mary Ann Foote

  3. Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 15-2-A, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA

    Graham Molineux

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Birkhäuser Verlag/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goodkin, D.A. (2009). Use of erythropoietic stimulating agents in the setting of renal disease. In: Elliott, S.G., Foote, M.A., Molineux, G. (eds) Erythropoietins, Erythropoietic Factors, and Erythropoiesis. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8698-6_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation