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The history of bipolar disorders

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Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy

Part of the book series: Milestones in Drug Therapy ((MDT))

Abstract

Bipolar disorders have a long history. Depression and mania are mankind’s oldest known mental disorders, and they were the first mental disorders conceptualised by Hippocrates as a part of medicine. Mania and depression as part of one and the same disease—what we today call bipolar disorder—was first described by the famous Greek physician of the first century AD, Aretaeus of Cappadocia.

The next decisive step in the development of our conceptualisation of bipolar disorders was done by two French psychiatrists, Falret (1851) and Baillarger (1854), who described them as separate entities. At the end of the 19th century, Emil Kraepelin subsumed all kinds of mood disorders—both unipolar and bipolar—under the umbrella of manic-depressive insanity. But there was also strong opposition against the very influential opinions of Kraepelin, especially by the so-called Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school (Karl Kleist coined the term ‘bipolar’), which subclassified bipolar disorders into distinct entities. In 1966, Angst and Perris showed that unipolar and bipolar disorders are autonomous. That was also the start of a very rapid development of concepts, research, and general knowledge about bipolar disorders. Subgroups like cyclothymia, hypomania, and mixed states were identified or reidentified. Another innovation was the development of a bipolar spectrum disorder concept. An overlap of bipolar and schizophrenic spectra can be postulated which is certainly genetically determined, and which gives rise to states like bipolar schizoaffective disorders or acute polymorphic disorders.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097, Halle, Germany

    Andreas Marneros

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  1. Mood Disorders Research Unit Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Unit 7SE Rm. 7-3445 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

    Carlos A. Zarate

  2. Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Building 35, Room 1C-917 36 Convent Drive, MSC 3711, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

    Husseini K. Manji

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Marneros, A. (2009). The history of bipolar disorders. In: Zarate, C.A., Manji, H.K. (eds) Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8567-5_1

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